tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91920360239285133312024-03-13T01:35:00.066-07:00Hilmadani's BlogJust Simple BlogAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-52353688333878749272014-03-29T16:37:00.001-07:002014-03-29T16:37:44.819-07:00LIGHT REFLACTION<div class="WordSection1">
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<span lang="IN">The speed of light in the
air and in others me <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN">dium is different. It is
caused by the difference of the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN">particle density which
builds it. Because of the diffe- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN">rence of the density, the
light undergoes a deflection-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN">of direction and a change
of speed. So, when light pas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">ses through a boundary plane of two mediums with different density, the
light is transmitted </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">with direction </span><span lang="IN">that has
been changed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN"> Light
refraction </span></b><span lang="IN">is the
phenomenon of ben-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">ding of light that spreads from one medium to </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">another </span><span lang="IN">medium which density are different.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">Based on the some phenomenons can be con <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">cluded that :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">1. Incident ray from spacious medium to dense
medi- um is refracted approaching normal line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Incident ray from dense medium to spacious medium is </span><span lang="IN">refracted
moving away the normal line.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<st1:metricconverter productid="1. A" w:st="on"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. A</span></st1:metricconverter><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> normal line is a
perpendicular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> at the boundary plane where
that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ray falls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Incident angle of ray is an angle <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> formed by the beam incident
ray <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> with a normal line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Refracted angle of ray is an angle <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> formed by the beam of refracted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ray with a normal line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pay-attention
the explanation below :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">glass<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <b>ray<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN">According to Cristian Huygens refractive in- dex (absolute refractive
index) of matter is defined as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Refractive index
(<b>η</b>)<b> </b>of</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">a matter is ratio
between light velocity in vacuum to light velocity in that matter.</span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b> </b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">η = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Refractive index is
stated with :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">in which : <b>η
</b>= refractive index of medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> C
= light velocity in vacuum is 3x10<sup>8</sup> m/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> C<sub>n</sub>=
light velocity in medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 70.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Example :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> A
stream of sunlight spreads from the air to the housing window pane (refractive index of glass = 3/2). What is the
light velocity in the glass ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">In the discussion before we know that
light –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">spreads in the
form of electromagnetic wave. In wave there is relationship between
velocity,wavelength and frequency, namely C = λ f. From this equation if rela-
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641399">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> will obtained
relationship <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:29.25pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="39" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641400">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> be- cause light
frequency is constant when </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">passing through</span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></u></b><span lang="IN">one medium to another medium, then f = f<sub>n</sub> , so<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#D8D8D8" height="67" style="background: #D8D8D8; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="93"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251663872;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1037">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">η</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641401">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1037" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:.3pt;margin-top:.4pt;width:64.35pt;height:45pt;z-index:251663872'
fillcolor="#d8d8d8" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251663872;"><span style="height: 67px; left: -1px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 93px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></u></b><span lang="IN"> In which :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> λ = light wavelength in the air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> λ<sub>n </sub>= light
wavelength in the medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Example :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Red light spreads from the
air to the water. If refractive index of water = 4/3 and wavelength of red
light in air = 6.300 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ǻ. </span><span lang="IN">What is the wavelength
of the redlight in the water ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ǻ </span><span lang="IN">is read angstrom, the value of 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Ǻ </span><span lang="IN">= 10<sup>-<st1:metricconverter productid="10 m" w:st="on">10<span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> m</span></st1:metricconverter><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> ).<o:p></o:p></span></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The value of refractive index of a medium shows </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">den- </span><span lang="IN">sity of the medium. The larger refractive index of
me- dium then the larger also medium density. On the con trary, the smaller
refractive index of medium,then the smaller also medium density. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Examples of the light
refraction in daily life :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. A straight straw if immers its half into water </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">in the </span><span lang="IN">glass, it will be seen the straw seems
bending in the water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. A fish in pool appears by our eyes is not in its real position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. A pool that contains clear and silent water is seen shallower than
the real. Etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Several optical things that can make light
refraction are : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">planparallel glass, prism, and lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Willebrod Snell, a mathematic
expert, through </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">his series of experiments found out the relation between</span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the incident ray and the refracted ray, which later known
as Snellius Law, i.e. :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. The
incident ray, the normal line and the refracted ray lie on one flat plane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. The
proportion of the projection of the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">incident ray </span><span lang="IN">and the refracted ray at a boundary plane between two mediums is a constant number. That constant number is
defined as a relative refraction index.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Explantion pay-attention the statements below
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BFBFBF" height="36" style="background: #BFBFBF; vertical-align: top;" width="33"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251693382;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1066">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1066" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:94.45pt;margin-top:109.8pt;width:21.75pt;height:23.9pt;z-index:251693382'
fillcolor="#bfbfbf" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 126px; margin-top: 146px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251693382;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1061" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:15.85pt;margin-top:22.05pt;width:23.85pt;height:24.75pt;z-index:251688262'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="37" style="vertical-align: top;" width="36"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251688262;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1061">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 37px; margin-left: 21px; margin-top: 29px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251688262;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1063" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:16.3pt;margin-top:94.6pt;width:33.15pt;height:24.2pt;z-index:251690310'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1063'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="36" style="vertical-align: top;" width="48"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251690310;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1063">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 22px; margin-top: 126px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 48px; z-index: 251690310;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:153.7pt;margin-top:79.05pt;width:1in;height:36.65pt;z-index:251683142'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1056'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="53" style="vertical-align: top;" width="100"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251683142;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1056">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Boundary Plane<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 53px; margin-left: 205px; margin-top: 105px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 251683142;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1064" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:134.2pt;margin-top:72.1pt;width:32.25pt;height:24.2pt;z-index:251691334'
fillcolor="#bfbfbf" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BFBFBF" height="36" style="background: #BFBFBF; vertical-align: top;" width="47"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251691334;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1064">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 179px; margin-top: 96px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251691334;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:95.8pt;margin-top:32.55pt;width:62.4pt;height:37pt;z-index:251685190'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="54" style="vertical-align: top;" width="87"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251685190;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1058">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Medium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 54px; margin-left: 128px; margin-top: 43px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 87px; z-index: 251685190;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1065" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:131.95pt;margin-top:163.8pt;width:27.75pt;height:24pt;z-index:251692358'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="36" style="vertical-align: top;" width="41"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251692358;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1065">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 176px; margin-top: 218px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 41px; z-index: 251692358;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1062" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:76.45pt;margin-top:93pt;width:29.25pt;height:26.15pt;z-index:251689286'
fillcolor="#bfbfbf" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#BFBFBF" height="39" style="background: #BFBFBF; vertical-align: top;" width="43"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251689286;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1062">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">O<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 39px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 124px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 251689286;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:37.45pt;margin-top:126.3pt;width:60pt;height:39pt;z-index:251686214'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="56" style="vertical-align: top;" width="84"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251686214;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1059">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN">Medium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 56px; margin-left: 50px; margin-top: 168px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251686214;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1060" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:89.95pt;margin-top:4.8pt;width:30pt;height:24.75pt;z-index:251687238'
filled="f" fillcolor="#ffc000" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="37" style="vertical-align: top;" width="44"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251687238;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1060">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 37px; margin-left: 120px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 44px; z-index: 251687238;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:80.25pt;margin-top:61.05pt;width:10.45pt;height:22.4pt;z-index:251684166'
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 127px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 262px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="262" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Based on Snellius Law, the
refraction index of a medium can be found from the proportion of the pro-
jection of incident ray and refracted ray at the bounda ry plane of both
medium, as seen at figure above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">The cutting point
of the incident ray and refracted ray at the boundary plane of the medium
becomes the cir- cle center point (O). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">If the cutting point of the circle side </span><span lang="IN">of incident ray (A) and refracted ray (B)
are projected to the boundary plane, then A’O is the projection </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">of in </span><span lang="IN">cident ray (AO) and B’O is the projection
of refracted ray (BO). Thus, the refraction index of its medium(<b>η</b>) can be formulated as follow :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">η</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:65.25pt;height:30.75pt'
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="87" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></u></b><span lang="IN"> </span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">- 2 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1207'/>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> Can you prove from the figure that <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:47.25pt;height:30.75pt'
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="63" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="IN">Example : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. Draw light refraction from the air to glass medium, if given glass
refractive index is <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
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</xml><![endif]--> !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. Draw light refraction from the air to another medi um which
refractive index is <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641405">
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</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">The value of medium refraction index shows the den- sity of the medium. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">To make us more </span><span lang="IN">understand about </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the direction of the refracted </span><span lang="IN">ray when it passes through the boundary plane
between two mediums, we use the properties of the refracted ray, i.e. as
follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The incident </span><span lang="IN">ray from
less dense medium to denser </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">medium will be refracted close to the normal line.Thus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the refracted angle (r) <b><</b> the incident angle (i)(Figure1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. At figure 2, the incident ray, which is perpendicu- lar with the
boundary plane, undergoes no directi- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">on changes ( it is not refracted, but </span><span lang="IN">only transmitted).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. The incident ray comes from a denser medium to a less dense medium
will be refracted away from the normal line. Thus, the refracted angle (r) will
be larger than the incident angle (i) ( Figure 3 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pay-attention the
figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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strokeweight="1.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 4px; margin-left: 233px; margin-top: 73px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 113px; z-index: 251700736;"><img height="4" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="113" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1072"
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strokeweight="1.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 4px; margin-left: 117px; margin-top: 73px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 113px; z-index: 251699712;"><img height="4" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1072" width="113" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1071"
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strokeweight="1.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 4px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 72px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 113px; z-index: 251698688;"><img height="4" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="113" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Figure 1 : Figure 2 : Figure 3 :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN"> N N N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 61px; left: 0px; margin-left: 54px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251704832;"><img height="61" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1077" width="26" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">i
less dense medium
r <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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denser medium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN"> r
i<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">The light refraction come from a denser medi-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">um to a less
dense medium produces a larger angle of refracted ray (r) than the angle of
incident ray (i). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Thus if the angle of incident ray increases, then
the angle-</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">of refracted ray will be larger too, or getting closer to the boundary
plane as shown in the figure about <b>critical
angle and a total internal reflaction below:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 69px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 348px; z-index: 251716096;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088" width="348" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1089"
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N N N N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="15" width="117"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="26" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1107" width="25" /></td>
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</span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td><!--[endif]-->
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="31" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="38"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251741510;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 31px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251741510;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1108" type="#_x0000_t19"
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#A5A5A5" height="39" style="background: #A5A5A5; vertical-align: top;" width="64"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251744582;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<td><!--[endif]-->
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">i > θ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 39px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 64px; z-index: 251744582;">
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<td><!--[endif]-->
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN">i = θ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
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</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 33px; margin-left: 172px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 56px; z-index: 251743558;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">medium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<![if !mso]>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:IN'>i<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<v:path o:connectlocs="0,0;21240,17672;0,21600"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 15px; margin-left: 97px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251737600;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1109" width="22" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Denser <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN"> light
source <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> A critical angle(θ) is the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> incident angle</span><span lang="IN">(i) when the reflected angle(r) formed is
90<sup>0</sup>,or when the reflec ted ray parallels to the boundary plane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> If the incident angle is
larger than the critical angle, then a total internal reflection will occur.The
e- xamples of total reflection phenomenon in daily life </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">are fatamorgana, the glowing of
diamond and fiber optics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">The penetrated dark object, which </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">can transmit</span><span lang="IN"> almost all the light that hit it, is
called <b><i>optical object</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Several optical objects that can make light refrac-
</span><span lang="IN">tion are plan-parallel,
glass, prism, and lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Plan-parallel
Glass.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Plan-parallel glass is a thick
glass which surface is flat. The incident ray passes through a plan-parallel
galss will undergo two refractions. The first refraction is when the incident
ray heading for the plan-parallel glass and the second refraction is when the
ray leaving the plan-parallel glass. Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<br clear="ALL" />
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strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 48px; margin-left: 139px; margin-top: 131px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 251749888;"><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1121" width="70" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1120"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:50.4pt;margin-top:15.05pt;
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strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 116px; margin-left: 66px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 77px; z-index: 251748864;"><img height="116" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image082.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="77" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0f243e; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> air </span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0f243e; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> i<i>
</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0f243e; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<span lang="IN">
<b>i’</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN"> </span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">r’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251755846;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The incident ray come from air to glass is refracted close to normal line
inside the glass. Then,the ray that propagates from inside the glass into the
air is refrac- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ted away from normal line. The direction of incident ray heading toward the
plan-parallel glass and the direction of the exit ray from the plan-paralellel
glass are parallel.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Thus, based on the figure above it can be concluded that :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">i = r’ and r = i’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
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</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">Where :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i
= the angle of incident ray</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ( from the
air to the plan-parallel glass ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r
= the angle of refracted ray</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ( from the
air to the plan-parallel glass ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i’ = the angle of incident ray</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ( from the plan-parallel glass into the air ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r’ = the angle of refracted ray</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (from the plan-parallel glass into the air).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Prism</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<u> <o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Prism is a medium limited
by two surface pla- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">nes which form an angle to each other. The formed angle is called a
refracted prism angle. It is symbolized by <b>β</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> The
incident ray heads for the prism and the ray leaves from the prism are not
parallel. It means that any a </span><span lang="IN">deflection or a deviation. The magnification of the de flection angle is
called the <b><i><u>deviation angle.</u></i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Look at the figure below ! a beam of light hits the sur face of a prism.
The light undergoes two refractions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The direction and angles of the ray are drawn infigure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>β<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 59px; margin-left: 169px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 93px; z-index: 251769344;"><img height="59" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image094.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1140" width="93" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1142"
type="#_x0000_t19" style='position:absolute;margin-left:155.2pt;margin-top:15.9pt;
width:22.6pt;height:12.05pt;rotation:-8581898fd;flip:x y;z-index:251771392'
strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 217px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 17px; z-index: 251771392;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image095.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1142" width="17" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN"> N
N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="34" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="40"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251779398;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1150">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN">r’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 34px; margin-left: 225px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 40px; z-index: 251779398;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1146" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:165.7pt;margin-top:14.1pt;width:8.25pt;
height:6pt;flip:x;z-index:251775488' o:connectortype="straight"
strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 11px; margin-left: 219px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251775488;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image098.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1146" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1149"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:161.2pt;margin-top:17.1pt;
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 213px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 68px; z-index: 251778560;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1149" width="68" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1148"
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type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:164.95pt;margin-top:18.7pt;
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strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; margin-left: 218px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251774464;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image102.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1145" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1144"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:79.45pt;margin-top:13.2pt;
width:10.5pt;height:6.15pt;z-index:251773440' o:connectortype="straight"
strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 11px; margin-left: 104px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 17px; z-index: 251773440;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1144" width="17" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1143"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:89.2pt;margin-top:9.6pt;
width:5.3pt;height:11.25pt;flip:y;z-index:251772416' o:connectortype="straight"
strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 18px; margin-left: 117px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251772416;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image104.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1143" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">δ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:path o:connectlocs="0,0;21105,17002;0,21600"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 26px; margin-left: 145px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251783680;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image105.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1154" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1153"
type="#_x0000_t19" style='position:absolute;margin-left:130pt;margin-top:6.7pt;
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<v:path o:connectlocs="0,0;21105,17002;0,21600"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 22px; margin-left: 175px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251782656;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image106.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1153" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i </span></sup></b><b><span lang="IN"> r i’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Explanation of
the figure :<b> </b></span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">β = the angle of
refracted of prism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">i = the angle incident ray ( air to prism ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">r = the angle of refracted ray ( air to prism
).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">i’ = the angle of
incident ray ( prism to air ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">r’ = the angle
refracted ray ( prism to air ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">δ = the deviation angle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Based on the figure above,
we can obtain that the relation between the deviation angle (δ), the inci- dent ray angle (i), the
refracted ray angle (r’), and the refracted prism angle (β) is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="0"></td>
<td width="118"></td>
<td width="107"></td>
<td width="53"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="31"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="31" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="53"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251846144;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1208">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">- 3 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="39"></td>
<td bgcolor="#4F81BD" height="39" style="background: #4F81BD; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="118"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251784704;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1155">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">δ = i + r’ -β</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:89.95pt;
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id="_x0000_s1208" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">In other word, if the refracted
ray angle (r’) cuts </span><span lang="IN">the prism
into isosceles triangle, then the value of the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">deviation angle becomes minimum.
Therefore, it is called </span><span lang="IN">a
minimum deviation (δ<sub>min</sub>). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">When minimum deviation occurs, the incident angle
(i) equals to the refracted ang</span><span lang="IN">le (r’)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.
Thus, the deviation angle is formulated as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="2" width="36"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td bgcolor="#4F81BD" height="46" style="background: #4F81BD; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="271"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251785728;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1156">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">δ<sub>min</sub> = 2i – β or
δ<sub>min</sub> = 2r’ - β</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:27.8pt;
margin-top:2.2pt;width:198.8pt;height:29.95pt;z-index:251785728' fillcolor="#4f81bd"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Example :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> A
stream of ray falls to prism with </span><span lang="IN">incident angle of 30<sup>0</sup> and comes out from prism with refracted
angle of 45<sup>0</sup>. If angle of prism refractor is 40<sup>0</sup>, what is
the magnitude of deviation angle ? 35<sup>0</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="IN">The Happening of the
rainbow.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The rainbow happens
because there is separa- tion of white light from the sun to be colour series
or spektrum by grains of the rain. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The rainbow can be seen</span><span lang="IN"> when you are overshadow</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> the sun and the</span><span lang="IN"> rain happens infront of you. The rainbow
is colourful light </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">radiation </span><span lang="IN">that spreads
out in the sky. The colour of rainbow are conventionally is said to be red,
orange, yellow, green blue, indigo and violet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN">Polychromatic light</span></i></b><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">is a
light which consists of all kinds </span><span lang="IN">of colours, for example :white light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN">Monochromatic light</span></i></b><span lang="IN"> is a light which has one wave- length (cannot hang loosely to other
lights), for exam- ple : red ray, orange ray, yellow ray and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN">Light Dispersion</span></i></b><span lang="IN">
is decomposition of polychromatic to be monochromatic light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Lens.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Lens is a transparent
object that bounded by 2 bending planes or a bending plane with a flat plane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lens if hit by the light, will</span><span lang="IN"> change direction of the light that
strikes it through the event of refraction. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lens con </span><span lang="IN">sist of two kinds, namely convex </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lens and concave lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. Convex Lens.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Convex Lens is a lens that
its middle part is thicker than the edge. The convex lens consist of seve ral
shapes, namely :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1. Biconvex or Convex – Convex Lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2. Plankonvex or Convex – Flat Lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3. Concave – Convex Lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pay-attention the figure of shapes of convex lens
below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
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<b
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point isfound infront of the lens (</span><span lang="IN">part of lens as the place of incident ray).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Second, focal point is found
behind the lens ( part of lens as the
place of the ray is refracted ). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Focal point </span><span lang="IN">which is infront of the lens i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s called <b><i>virtual </i></b></span><b><i><span lang="IN">focal point</span></i></b><span lang="IN">, while
focal point that lies behind the lens is called <b><i>real focal point.</i></b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td width="147"></td>
<td width="54"></td>
<td width="148"></td>
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<td height="1"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
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strokeweight="1.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 14px; margin-left: 257px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 10px; z-index: 251798016;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image128.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1168" width="10" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1164"
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width:127.65pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251793920' o:connectortype="straight"
strokeweight="2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: 174px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 174px; z-index: 251793920;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1164" width="174" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1162"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:.55pt;margin-top:7.95pt;
width:123.15pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251791872' o:connectortype="straight"
strokeweight="2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 168px; z-index: 251791872;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image130.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1162" width="168" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> ● ● ● ●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
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strokecolor="#c00000">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
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id="_x0000_s1197" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.95pt;
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o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#c00000">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
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strokecolor="#c00000">
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id="_x0000_s1180" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:195.7pt;
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o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251810304;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image133.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1180" width="88" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1178"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:195.7pt;margin-top:10.45pt;
width:63.75pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251808256' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251808256;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image133.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1178" width="88" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1173"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.95pt;margin-top:9.7pt;
width:61.65pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251803136' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -3px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 85px; z-index: 251803136;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image134.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1173" width="85" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1172"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.2pt;margin-top:1.45pt;
width:61.65pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251802112' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 85px; z-index: 251802112;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image134.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1172" width="85" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <b>F<sub>2</sub>
F<sub>1 </sub> F<sub>1</sub> F<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 299px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251834880;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image135.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1204" width="47" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1198"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.95pt;margin-top:4.15pt;
width:34.8pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251828736' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 49px; z-index: 251828736;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image136.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1198" width="49" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1179"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:195.7pt;margin-top:4.9pt;
width:63.75pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251809280' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251809280;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image137.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1179" width="88" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1174"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.2pt;margin-top:4.15pt;
width:61.65pt;height:.05pt;z-index:251804160' o:connectortype="straight"
strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 85px; z-index: 251804160;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image138.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1174" width="85" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">Incident rays that parallel to main axis will be
reflected to one point on lens axis called<b><i> <u>focal point.</u><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Because the incident rays that passing through the
</span><span lang="IN">convex </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lens always refracted to one
point then the convex lens is called also<b><i><u> convergent lens</u></i></b> (lens that
property is </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">collecting)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Besides, focal point the place of intersection of refrac </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ted rays always reside in
the convex lens backside, </span><span lang="IN">hence
focus of convex lens is <b><i><u>real focus</u></i></b>, so focus distance
of convex lens is always positive signed. Therefore convex lens is called also <b><i><u>positive
lens.<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <u>Particular rays in
convex lens :<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. </span><span lang="IN">Incident ray parallel to main axis is refracted through active focus F<sub>1</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. Incident ray through focal point is refracted paral- lel to main
axis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. Incident ray through lens center point O is conti – nued without
experiencing refraction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shape and properties of
image are formed by a convex lens can be drawn with the aid of those three par-
ticular rays above. Based on location of the object, shape of image and its
properties is differetiated as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. An object is located further than center point of lens curvature
(P<sub>2</sub>). The image of the object is lo – cated between F<sub>1</sub>
and P<sub>1</sub> , forms real image, inver- sed, and minimized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="31" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251847168;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1209">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 4 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1209" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:258.9pt;margin-top:-19.3pt;width:37.5pt;
height:20.25pt;text-indent:0;z-index:251847168' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251847168;"><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; left: 345px; position: absolute; top: -26px; width: 54px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">2. An object is located on center point of lens
curva- ture (P<sub>2</sub>). The image of the object is located on P<sub>1</sub>
forms real image, inversed and has the same size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. Object is located between F<sub>2</sub> and P<sub>2</sub>. The
image of the object is located behind P<sub>1</sub>, forms real image,
inversed, and enlarged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">4. An object is located between F<sub>2</sub> and O. The image of the
object is located between F<sub>2</sub> and P<sub>2</sub> , forms virtual
image, upright, and enlarged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">5. Object is located on focal point (F<sub>2</sub>)Be not formed </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">image, because there is
no intersection particular rays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">( The refracted rays are parallel )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> In everyday life a convex
lens is often used to help human need, such as glasses lens, camera,micros
cope, Magnifying Glass (Loupe), and projector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Concave Lens.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The inverse of convex lens
is concave lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Concave lens is a lens that its </span><span lang="IN">middle part is thinner than </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">its edge. The concave
lens is also consist of several shapes </span><span lang="IN">namely : - Biconcave or
Concave-Concave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> - Planconcave or concave – flat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> - Convex –
Concave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> In the concave lens,
incident rays parallel to main axis will be refracted spreading seemed comes
from one point. Means the concave lens has property spreading light that
strikes it, so the concave lens is called also <b><i><u>Divergent Lens.</u></i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The concave lens has
active focal point (F<sub>1</sub>), that is located infront and passive focal
point (F<sub>2</sub>) that is located behind the lens. So focus distance of the
concave lens (f) always negative marked. Therefore, the concave lens is called
also <b><i><u>Negative
Lens.<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">The particular rays of the concave lens :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Incident ray parallel to main axis </span><span lang="IN">is refracted seemed comes from active focal point F<sub>1</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. Incident ray seemed goes to passive focal point F<sub>2</sub> is
refracted parallel to main axis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-atttention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. Incident ray that goes to optic center point of lens is continued
without refraction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Shapes and properties of
image of the object that is formed by the concave lens can be drawn by the aid
of those three particular rays above as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. The object is located infront of P<sub>1</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> The image formed is virtual, upright, minimized, and located
between O and F<sub>1</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. The object is located between P<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>1</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> The image formed is virtual, upright, minimized, and located
between F<sub>1</sub> and O.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. The object is located between F<sub>1</sub> and O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> The image formes is virtual, upright, minimized, and located
between F<sub>1</sub> and O. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> Pay-atttention
the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="31" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="51"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251848192;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1210">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">- 5 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1210" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:260.4pt;margin-top:-20.05pt;width:35.25pt;height:20.25pt;
text-indent:0;z-index:251848192' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251848192;"><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; left: 347px; position: absolute; top: -27px; width: 51px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> From the drawing of image
above can be con- cluded that properties of image by the concave lens al ways <b><i>virtual,
upright, minimized,</i></b>& located between F<sub>1 </sub>and O.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> In everyday life a concave
lens is many used by human for glasses lens and telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1206"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:118.65pt;
margin-top:40.35pt;width:141pt;height:44.95pt;z-index:251842886' fillcolor="#c4bc96"
strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 52px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 191px; z-index: 251842886;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image139.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1206" width="191" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> In lens holds also
relationship of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">focus distance </span><span lang="IN">object
distance,and image distance with the lens same as hold in the mirror as follows
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FF99CC" height="64" style="background: #FF99CC; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="116"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251842048;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1205">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:66pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image140.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image141.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="88" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641406">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1205"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:1.3pt;
margin-top:1.2pt;width:81.9pt;height:42.45pt;z-index:251842048;
mso-wrap-style:none' fillcolor="#f9c" strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:textbox style='mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 64px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 116px; z-index: 251842048;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> and M = │<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image142.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image143.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641407">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->│ x =│<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image144.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image145.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641408">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->│ x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> But necessary to be considered
that in calcula- tion holds the following rules :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a. f
has positive value (+) for convex lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">b. f
has negative value (-) for concave lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">c. S<sub>o</sub>
has positive value (+) for real object (object is located infront of the lens).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">d. S<sub>o</sub> has negative value (-) for
virtual object (object is located behind the lens).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">e. S<sub>i</sub> has positive value (+) for real
image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">f. S<sub>i</sub> has negative value for virtual
image.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">Exercise :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. An object is put 20 cm infront of a convex
lens. If focus distance of the lens is 15 cm, what is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> a. Image distance from the lens ? 60cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> b. Image magnification 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> c. Properties of image ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. An object of height 10 cm is located infront
of a concave lens with distance of 30 cm. If focus dis – tance of the lens is
20 cm, calculate :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> a. Image distance ! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> b. Image magnification ! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> c. The height of image !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Power of Lens.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The power of lens is
ability of lens in collecting </span><span lang="IN">or spreading the ray it is received.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
power of lens is formulated :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="7" width="132"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td bgcolor="#FF99CC" height="64" style="background: #FF99CC; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="83"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251786752;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1157">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">P = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:33pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image146.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image147.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641409">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1157" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:100.3pt;margin-top:6.45pt;width:56.85pt;height:42.55pt;z-index:251786752'
fillcolor="#f9c" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">In which : P = power of lens by the unit is Dioptri (D)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> f =
focus distance of the lens in meter unit. Example : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">A glasses of concave lens with focus distance of 40 cm. What Dioptri is the
power of the lens ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Solution : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Given : f = - 40 cm = - 0.4 m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Asked : P = ............?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Answered : P = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:62.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image148.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image149.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="83" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641410">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> - 2.5 Dioptri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Exercise Power of Lens :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. Distance of focal point of convex lens is 50 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> What is the power of the lens ? 2 D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A child wears a minus glasses of minus 2, what is the focus distance of the
glasses lens used by the child ?</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> -0.5 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">c. Combination Lenses.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Combination lenses is the
combination of se- veral lenses which pressed together of each other, so </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">that the distance between
them can be neglected ( d ≈ 0 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">For combination lenses holds the following equations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image150.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image151.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641411">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> = Σ <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image152.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image147.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641412">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> or <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image153.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image151.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641413">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:75.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image155.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="101" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641414">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->..........<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image156.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image157.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="49" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641415">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> </span></b><b><span lang="IN">Σ</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> P = P<sub>1</sub> + P<sub>2</sub> + P<sub>3</sub>
+ ...........<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Where : F total =
focal length of combination lenses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">
P total = combination lenses strength<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Sample Problem :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Two thin lenses
with the focal length each 20 cm and – 25 cm are combined by pressed together,
calculate :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">a. focal length
of combination lenses !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">b. combination
lenses strength !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Solution :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">a. Focal length
of combination lenses <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:65.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image158.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image159.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="87" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641416">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> Because f<sub>1</sub> = 20 cm and f<sub>2</sub>
= - 25 cm, then <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:161.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image160.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="215" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641417">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> f total = 100 cm. Thus, the focal length of the -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> combination lenses is <u>100 cm</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">b.
Combination lenses strength.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">
P total = P<sub>1</sub> + P<sub>2</sub> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:204pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image162.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image163.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="272" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641418">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">or Ptotal = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:68.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image164.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image165.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="91" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641419">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> 1 Diopter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Thus, the combination lenses strength is <u>1 Diopter</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Answer several
questions below correctly !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">1. Explain what is meant with light refraction and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> mention
the content of law of light refraction !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. An object is located 50 cm infront of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a convex lens </span><span lang="IN">The focus distance of the lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> is 25 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> a. Write ray diagram of image formation !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> b. What is image distance from the lens ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> c. What is image magnification ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> d. Mention the properties of its image !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. An object of height 10 cm, is located infront of a concave lens
with distance of 25 cm. If focus dis- tance of the lens is 20 cm. Determine :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> a. image distance !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> b. image magnification and !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> c. the height of image !</span><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-10269136004935516922014-03-29T16:36:00.001-07:002014-03-29T16:36:15.440-07:00OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The instrument that works based on the princi ple of reflaction and
refraction is called <b><i><u>an optical in- strument.</u></i></b>
Optical instrument helps peoples to see nor </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mally avery s</span><span lang="IN">mall object like viruses and bacteria; and to be able to see a very far
object like the moon, stars, and planets. The main parts of optical instruments
are mirrors and lenses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> In this chapter you will
learn about optical ins truments among others are eye, camera, magnifying
glass, microscope, telescope, and proyektor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Eye.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:65.4pt;width:261pt;height:186.15pt;
z-index:251615661'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="Picture" croptop="20312f" cropbottom="30732f" cropleft="10594f"
cropright="27957f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 248px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 87px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 348px; z-index: 251615661;"><img height="248" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="348" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> Our eyes are included into
optical instruments because the eyes can do light refraction done by the eye
lens. While our eyes consist of several parts, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">those are cornea, iris, pupil,
eye lens, retina, and </span><span lang="IN">liquid
aqueous humor. Consider the following figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. The part of the
eye.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1). Cornea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Cornea is the outer part
of eye </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ball
of thin layer </span><span lang="IN">which is clear
and can be penetrated by the light. Cor- nea functions in receiving
and`transmitting the light, also to protect the eye lens from feathers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2). Iris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Iris is a membrane in
front of the eye lens that forms a circular chink. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Iris functions in giving a colour</span><span lang="IN"> to the eye and arranging the intensity of
light entering the eye.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3). Pupil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Pupil is the circular
chink formed by iris. The wide of pupil is controlled by iris based on the
intensi ty of light entering the eye. At dark or dim condition- (the light
intensity is small), the iris relaxes so that pu pil enlarged. As a result,
more light enters to the eyes. At bright condition ( the light intensity is
large ), the iris </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">contracts</span><span lang="IN"> so that pupil
becomes smaller(decreased) As a result, the light enterd to the eye decreases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">4). Eye lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The eye lens is made of
transparant material, fibered, and elastic,also convex in shape.The eye lens
functions in constructing the image of an object. The image formed by the eye
lens similar to the image for med by a convec lens, i.e. <b><i>real, upside down, and smaller</i></b>
in properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">5.) Retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Retina is the back part
surface of the eye. It is functions as a screen to catch the image formed by
eye lens. Retina consists of yellow grains, which are very responsive to the
light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">6). Eye Nerve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The eye nerve functions in
continuing the signals received by the retina to the brain. </span><span lang="IN">The brain translates the signals so that we can see the objact in
upright ( it is not upside down as caught by the retina ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. The
Accomodition Power of Eye.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> An object can be seen
clearly </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bacause
its image </span><span lang="IN">formed by the eye
lens falss exactly at the retina.Why does the image of an object fall exactly
at the retina al though its distance is changed ? Because the eye lens is
elastic; it can be thin or thick, its focal length can change according to the
need, therefore the image of the object can be arranged to fall exactly at the
retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The ability of the eye lens, to
thicken or to thin </span><span lang="IN">in </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">order to produce an image
exactly at the retina, is called </span><b><i><u><span lang="IN">the accomodation power of the eye.</span></u></i></b><span lang="IN"> When the eye ac comodates maximally, the eye lens
thickens ( more convex ); as a result, the focal lengthof the eye lens in
creases. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">On
the other hand,</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">when the eye accomodates </span><span lang="IN">minimally, the eye lens becomes thin; as a
result, the focal length of the eye lens decreases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:-2.3pt;margin-top:10.75pt;width:160.5pt;height:201.75pt;z-index:251616685'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="Picture 002" croptop="9085f" cropbottom="40739f" cropleft="32329f"
cropright="16021f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 269px; left: 0px; margin-left: -3px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 214px; z-index: 251616685;"><img height="269" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="214" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. The eye lens
thickens if seeing a near object.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. The eye lens becomes thin if seeing a far
objec</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Because of the acommoda- tion power of the
eye, the eye has a <b><i>near point (punc tum proximum)</i></b> and a <b><i>far point (punctum remotum).</i></b> A near point
is the nearest </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">point of an object to the eye </span><span lang="IN">that still can be seen clearly by the eye,
which </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the
eye accommodates maxi- mally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A far point is the furthest point of the object to
the eye that still can be seen clearly by the eye, in which the eye does </span><span lang="IN">not accommodate. So the eye can see an
object </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">clearly
</span><span lang="IN">if the object is placed
between the near point and the far point. A normal eye has a near point at a
distance of 25 cm and a far point at a distance of unlimited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c. Eye Aberration.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN">If the accommodation power of the eye lens
decreases, then it has suffered an eye aberration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">1). Nearsighted Eye ( Myopia
)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> People who suffers
nearsighted eye cannot see clearly the far objects. That aberration happens
becau se the image of the object falls in front of the retina. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Nearsighted can be helped by using glasses with </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a con </span><span lang="IN">cave lens ( a negative lens ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a. For myopic suf- ferer, the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">image</span><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="33" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="58"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251689472;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1098">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 2 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1098" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:256.65pt;margin-top:-49.05pt;width:40.5pt;
height:21.75pt;text-indent:0;z-index:251689472' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251689472;"><span style="height: 33px; left: 0px; left: 342px; position: absolute; top: -65px; width: 58px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:-1.35pt;
margin-top:-26.4pt;width:175.5pt;height:110.25pt;z-index:251617709'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="Picture 002" croptop="44975f" cropbottom="11974f" cropleft="1269f"
cropright="45473f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251617709;"><span style="height: 147px; left: -2px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -35px; width: 234px;"><img height="147" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="234" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> of the object -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> falls in front of the retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:-4.35pt;
margin-top:22.95pt;width:183.75pt;height:114.75pt;z-index:251618733'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="Picture 002" croptop="44625f" cropbottom="11974f" cropleft="23918f"
cropright="21941f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 153px; left: 0px; margin-left: -6px; margin-top: 31px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 245px; z-index: 251618733;"><img height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="245" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">b. A concave lens /a negative lens can help a myo pic sufferer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">2). Farsighted Eye ( Hypermetrophy
)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN"> </span></b><span lang="IN">People
who suffers farsighted eye cannot see clearly the near objects. It happens
because the image falls behind the retina. Although the eye has accom- modated
maximally, the image of the object still falls behind the retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">A farsighted can be helped by using glasses with </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a con</span><span lang="IN">vex lens ( a positive lens ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:-.6pt;margin-top:10.8pt;width:174.75pt;height:106.85pt;z-index:251619757'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Picture 003" croptop="13349f" cropbottom="43866f" cropleft="1140f"
cropright="45682f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 142px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 233px; z-index: 251619757;"><img height="142" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="233" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pay-attention the figure below !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:-1.35pt;margin-top:101.25pt;width:175.5pt;height:106.85pt;
z-index:251620781'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Picture 003" croptop="13349f" cropbottom="43866f" cropleft="21781f"
cropright="24961f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 142px; left: 0px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 135px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 234px; z-index: 251620781;"><img height="142" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="234" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">a. For hypermetrophy suf ferer, the image of the object falls behind the
retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN">b. A
convex lens ( positi- ve lens) can help the sufferer of hypermetro phy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">3). The Old Eye ( Presbyopia ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> This
eye aberration occurs because the increa- sing age makes the accommodation
power of the eye decrease. It is called presbyopia. The sufferer of an old eye
cannot see clearly the near and far object. In an old eye aberration, the near
point and the far point </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">have changed. To be able to see the near and far object </span><span lang="IN">clearly, it must be helped with bifocal
glasses, i.e.glas ses with double function (to see near distance and far
distance ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Example question :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">1.
The furthest distance that a person can still see cle- arly is 75 cm. What is
the power of glasses </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">he must </span><span lang="IN">use in order to
see a far object normally ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Solution :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Given : S<sub>o</sub> = ~<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">
S<sub>i</sub> = -75 cm (symbol – because the image <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">
that is formed </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">by the convex lens is virtual).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Asked : P <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Answer : </span><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:120.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="161" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641287">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->= 0 - <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641288">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641289">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->f = - 75 cm = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="49" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641290">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> The Power of lens: P = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:98.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="131" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641291">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->=<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> So, the lens power of the glasses is <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="92" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641292">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. A sufferer of nearsighted eye has a near point
of 40 cm. If he wants to read normally (at the distan- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ce of 25 cm),then what is the
lens power of the</span><span lang="IN"> glasses he
must use ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Solution : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Given
: S<sub>o </sub>= 25 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> S<sub>i</sub> = - 40 cm, ( the
image is virtual )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Asked
: P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Answered : <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:99pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="132" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641293">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> f = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:105.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="141" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641294">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> The power of lens : P = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="155" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641295">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> So, the lens power of the glass is 1.5
Diopters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">3. A porson can only see an object clearly in
front of his eyes at the furthers
distance of 100 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1026"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:-3.05pt;
margin-top:12.45pt;width:48.75pt;height:15pt;z-index:251613613'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: -5px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 67px; z-index: 251613613;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="67" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> What is the person’s power of the
glasses ? -1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sn
= -Si<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sn
= 100cm, Si = -1m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">4. The near point of the person is at a distance
of 120 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">cm in
front of his eyes, to be able what is the power of the glasses </span><span lang="IN">he must use ? -2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">4). Astigmatism.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> People who suffer astigmatism
cannot see clearly vertical and horizontal lines simultaneously This is caused
of curves of the eye cornea of astig- matism suffer is not perfect anymore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN"> This sufferer of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">astigmatism</span><span lang="IN"> can be helped by using cylindrical lens glasses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. The Camera.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1095"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:.7pt;margin-top:-.2pt;width:83.1pt;height:68.25pt;z-index:251685293'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="30978f" cropbottom="29243f" cropleft="39197f"
cropright="18370f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 91px; left: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 111px; z-index: 251685293;"><img height="91" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1095" width="111" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:83.8pt;margin-top:-.2pt;width:177pt;height:198pt;z-index:251621805'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg"
o:title="Picture 006" croptop="27118f" cropbottom="22297f" cropleft="28889f"
cropright="14456f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 264px; left: 0px; margin-left: 112px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 236px; z-index: 251621805;"><img height="264" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="236" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Same as the eye, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">the
object observed by camera is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">located
infront of lens that is in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">front
of 2F<sub>2</sub>(S<sub>o</sub>>2f)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">and
image of the object<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:.7pt;margin-top:.15pt;width:260.1pt;height:60.75pt;z-index:251622829'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg"
o:title="Picture 006" croptop="32700f" cropbottom="27889f" cropleft="18472f"
cropright="14456f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 81px; left: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 347px; z-index: 251622829;"><img height="81" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="347" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">formed
is <b>real image,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1094"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:.7pt;margin-top:5.35pt;width:83.1pt;height:68.25pt;z-index:251684269'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="30978f" cropbottom="29243f" cropleft="39197f"
cropright="18370f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 91px; left: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 111px; z-index: 251684269;"><img height="91" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1094" width="111" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">inversed, and<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">minimized.</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">In
the camera, the recor- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">ded
object its image is caught<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">by
a film. This film functions as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">screen
to catch image formed by the convex lens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Film in the camera can record image
formed, because in the film there is chemical substance layer which is
sensitive to the light. Chemical substance layer in the film will change
according to the light it receives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="37" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="53"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251695616;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 3 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1104" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:258.75pt;margin-top:-19.95pt;width:36.75pt;height:24.75pt;
z-index:251695616' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251695616;"><span style="height: 37px; left: 0px; left: 345px; position: absolute; top: -27px; width: 53px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> Commonly camera consist of convex
lens, to focuse real image for always falls on screen of image catcher, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">diaphragm that has
function as iris in the eye</span><span lang="IN">s,
aperture has function as pupil in the eyes, and screen of image catcher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #002060; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Magnifying Glass. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Magnifying Glass is an
optical instrument of con- </span><span lang="IN">vex
lens which is used to see small things so can be seen larger, clear and not
inversed. For example to re- ad small article or seeing small figure/ objects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> To
observe an object by using the magnifying </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">glass, the object observed must
lie between center point </span><span lang="IN">of
the convex lens (O) and focus point of the lens (F), so the image formed is
virtual, upright,en larged, and located behind the lens.When the image of the
object falls at the near point of the eye, the eye accommodates maximally. To
make the eyes do not accommodate, the object must be located at the focal point
of the lens. Accordingly, the ray enters to the eye is a parallel ray.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
magnification of the image (M) formed by a magnifying glass is formulated as
follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="122"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251639213;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Convex Lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 94px; left: 0px; margin-left: 81px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251632128;"><img height="94" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="14" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1041"
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 83px; left: 0px; margin-left: 89px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 77px; z-index: 251630080;"><img height="83" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="77" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1042"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:66.15pt;margin-top:9.6pt;width:89.25pt;height:57pt;z-index:251631104'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 78px; left: 0px; margin-left: 87px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 121px; z-index: 251631104;"><img height="78" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="121" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">a. The figure when the eye accommodates maximally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:textbox style='layout-flow:vertical;mso-layout-flow-alt:bottom-to-top'>
<![if RotText]><![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>image<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]><![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 85px; left: 0px; margin-left: 60px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251634093;"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !RotText]--><img alt="Text Box: image" class="shape" height="85" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:dpi="96" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="38" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='layout-flow:vertical;mso-layout-flow-alt:bottom-to-top'>
<![if RotText]><![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</tr>
</table>
<![endif]><![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 70px; left: 0px; margin-left: 123px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251638189;"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !RotText]--><img alt="Text Box: object" class="shape" height="70" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:dpi="96" v:shapes="_x0000_s1049" width="42" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="7" width="129"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="108" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1038 _x0000_s1039 _x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1046" width="160" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
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z-index:251635200' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="32" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="42"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251641261;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1052">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="33"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251640237;">
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<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1051">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 39px; margin-left: 214px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251640237;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="36" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="26"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251637165;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1048">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251637165;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 45px; margin-left: 168px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 44px; z-index: 251636224;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="44" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1044"
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="40" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="46"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251633069;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1044">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 40px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251633069;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:.15pt;margin-top:6.9pt;width:258.75pt;
height:.75pt;z-index:251623936' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 347px; z-index: 251623936;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="347" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> ● ● ● ●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="37" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="50"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251642285;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1053">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Eye<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1053'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 37px; margin-left: 221px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251642285;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span><b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN">a.
The figure when the eye does not accommodate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="122"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251656621;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1067">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Convex Lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 110px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251656621;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> (accommodates minimally).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 65px; left: 0px; margin-left: 70px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 92px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="65" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1060" width="92" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1055"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:126.9pt;margin-top:11.55pt;width:.05pt;height:101.25pt;z-index:251644416'
o:connectortype="straight" strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:stroke startarrow="block" endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 140px; left: 0px; margin-left: 163px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 13px; z-index: 251644416;"><img height="140" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1055" width="13" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1066"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:62.4pt;
margin-top:3.9pt;width:28.5pt;height:49.5pt;text-indent:0;z-index:251655597'
stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='layout-flow:vertical;mso-layout-flow-alt:bottom-to-top'>
<![if RotText]><![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]><![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 70px; left: 0px; margin-left: 83px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251655597;"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !RotText]--><img alt="Text Box: object" class="shape" height="70" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" v:dpi="96" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="42" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="7" width="108"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="98" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056 _x0000_s1057 _x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1063" width="193" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1056"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:86.4pt;margin-top:7.2pt;width:0;height:27.75pt;flip:y;z-index:251645440'
o:connectortype="straight" strokecolor="#c00000" strokeweight="2pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1057" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:86.4pt;margin-top:7.2pt;width:40.5pt;
height:.05pt;z-index:251646464' o:connectortype="straight"/><v:shape id="_x0000_s1058"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:126.15pt;margin-top:6.45pt;width:99pt;height:61.45pt;z-index:251647488'
o:connectortype="straight"/><v:shape id="_x0000_s1059" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:86.4pt;
margin-top:7.25pt;width:104.25pt;height:70.45pt;z-index:251648512'
o:connectortype="straight"/><v:shape id="_x0000_s1063" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:126.95pt;
margin-top:6.45pt;width:78.7pt;height:49.5pt;z-index:251652608'
o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1064" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:126.9pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:38.85pt;
height:24.75pt;z-index:251653632' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 40px; margin-left: 168px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1064" width="58" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1069"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:209.4pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:28.5pt;
height:21pt;z-index:251658669' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="32" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="42"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251658669;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1069">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 32px; margin-left: 279px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 251658669;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1068" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:160.8pt;margin-top:5.85pt;width:21.75pt;height:26.25pt;z-index:251657645'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="39" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="33"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251657645;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1068">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 39px; margin-left: 214px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251657645;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1065" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:75.3pt;margin-top:5.85pt;width:16.35pt;height:24pt;z-index:251654573'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="36" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="26"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251654573;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1065">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251654573;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1062" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:23.4pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:31.5pt;height:27pt;z-index:251651501'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="40" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="46"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251651501;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1062">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="height: 40px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251651501;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1054" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:.15pt;margin-top:6.9pt;width:258.75pt;
height:.75pt;z-index:251643392' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 347px; z-index: 251643392;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="347" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> ● ● ● ●<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="37" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="50"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251659693;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1070">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Eye<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1070" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:179.25pt;margin-top:14.55pt;width:34.5pt;height:24.75pt;z-index:251659693'
stroked="f">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1070'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 37px; margin-left: 239px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251659693;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">1. When the
eye doesn’t accommodate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> (accommodates minimally), then :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#D8D8D8" height="65" style="background: #D8D8D8; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="98"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251660800;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1071">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">M = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641297">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1071" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:70.8pt;margin-top:.55pt;width:68.1pt;height:43.35pt;z-index:251660800'
fillcolor="#d8d8d8" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251660800;"><span style="height: 65px; left: 93px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 98px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">2. When the
eye accommodates maximally, then :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="99"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td bgcolor="#BFBFBF" height="63" style="background: #BFBFBF; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="114"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661824;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1072">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">M = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="44" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641298">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1072" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:75.3pt;margin-top:1pt;width:80.1pt;height:42.15pt;z-index:251661824'
fillcolor="#bfbfbf" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> where : S<sub>n</sub> = the near point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
f = </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the focal length </span><span lang="IN">of the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">magnifying </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">glsas</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
M = the magnification of the
image<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN">Example :
1.A book with small writings is located of 5 cm infront of a magnifying
glass which has focus distance of 7 cm. What is the i- mage magnification
formed by the magni- fying glass ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN">Solution, Given : S<sub>o</sub> = 5 cm and f = 7 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN"> Asked : M = .........?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> Answer :
3.5 x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">So, the image
madnification formed is .......... times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. A magnifying glass with
power of lens 25 Diopters is used
to observe an object of size 2 mm. What is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">
a.Magnification by the magnifying glass for the eyes with no accommodation ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">b.Magnification by the magnifying glass
for the eyes with maximum
accommodation ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">c. Height of image when the eyes has maximum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">
accommodation ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">Given : P = 25
Diopters f = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:129.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="173" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641299">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> and h<sub>o</sub> = 2
mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">Asked : a. M when the eyes don’t accommodation ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
b. M when the eyes accommodate maximum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
c. h<sub>i </sub>= ........ ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Answer: a.
M =<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
b. M = 7.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">
c. M = 14.5 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #002060; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4. Microscope.</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:80.95pt;margin-top:39.85pt;width:179.25pt;
height:193.5pt;z-index:251662765'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.jpg"
o:title="Picture 007" croptop="39898f" cropbottom="10567f" cropleft="31848f"
cropright="14494f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 258px; left: 0px; margin-left: 108px; margin-top: 53px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 239px; z-index: 251662765;"><img height="258" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="239" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN"> </span></b><span lang="IN">Microscope is </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">an optical instrument which co</span><span lang="IN">n- sist of two pieces of convex lens that
is used to ob- serve very small objects so seen larger and clearer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Parts of the micros-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">cope can be seen at<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">the figure biside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The concave mirror<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">functions in directing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">the light to the object<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">observed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The convex lens close<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">to the observed object<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">is called the <b><i>objective<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN">lens</span></i></b><span lang="IN">, while the
con-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">vex lens close to eye is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">called the <b><i>ocular lens. <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The objective lens forms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">the image of the observed object,which properties
are real, upside down, and enlarged. To get such image, the object must be
positioned between the focal point and the center point of the objective lens
curvature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
real image formed by the objective lens becomes the object for the ocular
lens.The ocular lens functions as magnifyinr glass, if the eye accommoda- tes
maximally, then the object is located between the center point of the ocular
lens (O<sub>oc</sub>) and the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">focal point </span><span lang="IN">of the ocular lens. If the eye doesnot accommodate, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the object is located at the
focal point of the ocular lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pay-attention the figure below !</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">a. The image
construction in microscope </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">for maximum</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> accommodated eye.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">b. The image
construction in microscope </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">for</span><span lang="IN"> the
eye –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> that does not accommodate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="36" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251696640;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1105">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 4 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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margin-left:258.15pt;margin-top:-35.25pt;width:37.5pt;height:24pt;z-index:251696640'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251696640;"><span style="height: 36px; left: 344px; position: absolute; top: -47px; width: 54px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1074" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:.15pt;margin-top:-2.25pt;width:259.5pt;
height:252pt;z-index:251663789'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.jpg"
o:title="Picture 008" croptop="4318f" cropbottom="41592f" cropleft="482f"
cropright="21363f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251663789;"><span style="height: 336px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3px; width: 346px;"><img height="336" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1074" width="346" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">The microscope
magnification is the multiplication of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the objective lens magnification
and the ocular lens mag-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">nification,
and it is formulated as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C6D9F1" height="42" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="171"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251664896;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1075">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M<sub>mic</sub> = M<sub>ob</sub> x M<sub>oc<o:p></o:p></sub></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1075" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:67.65pt;margin-top:2.65pt;width:123pt;height:26.25pt;z-index:251664896'
fillcolor="#c6d9f1" strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1075'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 89px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 171px; z-index: 251664896;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> Because the ocular lens of a
microscope has a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">function as a magnifying glass,
the magnification of</span><span lang="IN"> the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">microscope is
formulated as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">1. When the
eye accommodates maximally :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C6D9F1" height="74" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="335"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251665920;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1076">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M<sub>mic</sub> = M<sub>ob </sub> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:146.25pt;height:38.25pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="195" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641300">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1076" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:7.35pt;margin-top:6.6pt;width:246.15pt;height:49.8pt;z-index:251665920'
fillcolor="#c6d9f1" strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1076'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 74px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 335px; z-index: 251665920;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C6D9F1" height="45" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="146"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251666944;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1077">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d = S<sub>i obj</sub> + S<sub>0 oc</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1077" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:90.15pt;margin-top:26.1pt;width:104.25pt;height:28.5pt;z-index:251666944'
fillcolor="#c6d9f1" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 45px; left: 0px; margin-left: 119px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 146px; z-index: 251666944;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">To make the eye </span><span lang="IN">accommodates maximally, the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">distance of the objective
lens and the ocular lens is formu-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">lated as
follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">2. When the
eye does not accommodate :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C6D9F1" height="71" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="330"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251667968;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1078">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M<sub>mic</sub> = M<sub>obj</sub>
x <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641301">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--> or M<sub>mic</sub> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54pt;height:36.75pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="49" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641302">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:9pt;margin-top:11.2pt;width:243pt;height:47.55pt;z-index:251667968'
fillcolor="#c6d9f1" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 71px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 330px; z-index: 251667968;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> In order to make the eye does not
accommodate,the distance of the objective lens and the ocular lens is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C6D9F1" height="43" style="background: #C6D9F1; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="133"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251668992;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1079">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d = S<sub>i obj</sub> + f<sub>oc</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1079" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:75.9pt;margin-top:4.45pt;width:94.5pt;height:27pt;z-index:251668992'
fillcolor="#c6d9f1" strokeweight="1.5pt">
<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1079'/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 43px; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 133px; z-index: 251668992;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">Where :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">M<sub>mic</sub> = the magnification of the microscope<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">M<sub>obj.</sub> = the magnification of the objective lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">M<sub>oc.</sub> = the magnification of the ocular lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">S<sub>n</sub> = the near point of eye<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">f<sub>obj.</sub> = the focal length of the objective lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">f<sub>oc. </sub>=
the focal length of the ocular lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">S<sub>i obj.</sub> = the distance of the image by objective lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">S<sub>0obj.</sub> = the distance of the object in front of the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN">ob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> jective lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">d =
the distance of the objective lens and the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> ocular lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5. Telescope.</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Telescope is one</span><span lang="IN"> of the optical instruments that is used
to observe objects located very far so appears nearer and clearer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> There
are two kinds of the telescope, i.e. a re- fraction telescope and a reflection
telescope. The dif- ference of their operational manners is that the light received
by the refraction telescope only undergoes re fraction, while the light
received by the reflection te – lescope undergoes reflection and refraction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. The Refraction
Telescope. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> There
are 4 kinds of refraction telescope, i.e. :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">1. the astronomical telescope or the star
telescope. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">2. the terrestrial te lescope. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">3. the theatre teles cope or Galileo telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">4. the prism telescope or binocular. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1080" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-.05pt;margin-top:10.15pt;width:258pt;height:127.5pt;
z-index:251669933'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.jpg"
o:title="Picture 009" croptop="30884f" cropbottom="24723f" cropleft="26948f"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 170px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 344px; z-index: 251669933;"><img height="170" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1080" width="344" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN">1.
The Astronomical Telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
star telescope or the astronomical telesco- pe is an optical instrument used to
observe the sky ob <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN">jects like
stars, moon, and planets, so that we can see them nearly and clearly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The astronomical telescope
consists of 2 convex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lenses. They function as an objective lens and ocular lens ,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1081" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-.05pt;margin-top:26.45pt;width:261pt;height:90.75pt;
z-index:251670957'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.jpg"
o:title="Picture 009" croptop="50158f" cropbottom="8311f" cropleft="12332f"
cropright="21160f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 121px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 348px; z-index: 251670957;"><img height="121" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1081" width="348" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">in which the focal length of the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">objective lens is larger</span><span lang="IN"> than the focal length of the ocular lens ( f<sub>ob</sub>
> f<sub>ok </sub>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The operational manner of the astronomical
telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
images of the very far sky objects fell at the focal pint of the objective lens
are real and upside down. To make the eye not easily gets terid, the obser
vation is conducted in a condition where the eye does not accommodate.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Accordingly, the image </span><span lang="IN">of the object formed by the objective lens
becomes the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">object to th</span><span lang="IN">e ocular lens
, and is found at the focal point of the ocu- lar lens. As a result,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> the focal point of the </span><span lang="IN">objective lens is pinched together to the
focal point of the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ocular len</span><span lang="IN">s as shown at
the figure above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#C4BC96" height="67" style="background: #C4BC96; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="133"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251672064;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1082">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image067.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image068.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1457641303">
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</xml><![endif]--> x<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1082" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:113.8pt;margin-top:16.25pt;width:94.5pt;height:45pt;z-index:251672064'
fillcolor="#c4bc96" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 67px; left: 0px; margin-left: 150px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 133px; z-index: 251672064;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">The magnification
of the astronomical telescope is for mulated as follows : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Thedistance ( </span><b><span lang="IN">d</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ) of the ocular lens and the objective lens :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#D8D8D8" height="43" style="background: #D8D8D8; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="132"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251673088;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1083">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d = f<sub>ob.</sub> + f<sub>oc.</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1083" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:86.95pt;margin-top:6.15pt;width:93.75pt;height:27pt;z-index:251673088'
fillcolor="#d8d8d8" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 43px; margin-left: 114px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 132px; z-index: 251673088;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><i><span lang="IN">2.
The Terrestrial Telescope.</span></i></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="37" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251697664;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1106">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 5 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1106" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:258.9pt;margin-top:-34.5pt;width:37.5pt;height:24.75pt;z-index:251697664'
stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251697664;"><span style="height: 37px; left: 345px; position: absolute; top: -46px; width: 54px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1089" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:293.4pt;margin-top:-14.25pt;width:259.5pt;
height:196.5pt;z-index:251679149'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="11643f" cropbottom="38589f" cropleft="-305f"
cropright="44638f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251679149;"><span style="height: 262px; left: 391px; position: absolute; top: -19px; width: 346px;"><img height="262" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1089" width="346" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The terrestrial Telescope is an </span><span lang="IN">optical instrument to observe any objects
in the earth which positions</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> are</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1084" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:0;margin-top:10.65pt;width:158.4pt;height:150.75pt;
z-index:251674029'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.jpg"
o:title="Picture 010" croptop="6565f" cropbottom="47230f" cropleft="35130f"
cropright="13444f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 201px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 211px; z-index: 251674029;"><img height="201" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1084" width="211" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">so far from the observer, so that it looks closer and clearer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:294.15pt;margin-top:138.25pt;width:258.75pt;
height:122.25pt;z-index:251680173'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="16959f" cropbottom="39056f" cropleft="20337f"
cropright="20385f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 163px; left: 0px; margin-left: 392px; margin-top: 184px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 345px; z-index: 251680173;"><img height="163" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image072.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1090" width="345" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The terrestrial telesco pe consists of 3 con- vex lenses;
i.e. as an objective lens, an o- cular lens,and a reser ved lens. The reser-
ved lens only functi- ons in changing the position of the object image from
upside – down into upright.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -163.05pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1085" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:.15pt;
margin-top:8.85pt;width:259.5pt;height:114.75pt;z-index:251675053'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.jpg"
o:title="Picture 010" croptop="27242f" cropbottom="29357f" cropleft="773f"
cropright="21795f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 153px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 346px; z-index: 251675053;"><img height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1085" width="346" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><sub><span lang="IN" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The terrestrial telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></sub></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The
operational manner of the terrestrial telescope. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="color: navy;">eye</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#E5B8B7" height="76" style="background: #E5B8B7; border: 1.5pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="114"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251676160;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 5.1pt 8.7pt 5.1pt 8.7pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1086">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image068.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
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</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1086" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:2in;margin-top:17.95pt;width:81pt;height:51.6pt;z-index:251676160'
fillcolor="#e5b8b7" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 76px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 114px; z-index: 251676160;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> The magnification of the terrestrial
telescope is formulated as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The distance of the ocular lens to the objective
lens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">( the length of the telescope ) is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d = f<sub>obj.</sub> + 4f<sub>r</sub> + f<sub>oc.<o:p></o:p></sub></span></b></div>
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id="_x0000_s1087" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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fillcolor="#bfbfbf" strokeweight="1.5pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1092" type="#_x0000_t75"
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margin-top:11.65pt;width:291pt;height:123.75pt;z-index:251682221'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="30978f" cropbottom="24920f" cropleft="19259f"
cropright="18370f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 363px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 388px; z-index: 251682221;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1092" width="388" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1088" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:105.9pt;margin-top:4pt;width:153.75pt;height:231.75pt;
z-index:251678125'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.jpg"
o:title="Picture 010" croptop="38399f" cropbottom="9088f" cropleft="34262f"
cropright="14809f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 309px; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 205px; z-index: 251678125;"><img height="309" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image076.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088" width="205" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN">3.
Galileo Telescope.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">The function of Galileo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">telescope is similar to –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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text-align:left;margin-left:272.4pt;margin-top:11.35pt;width:104.25pt;
height:105.75pt;z-index:251683245'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="30978f" cropbottom="26322f" cropleft="37168f"
cropright="18370f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 141px; left: 0px; margin-left: 363px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 139px; z-index: 251683245;"><img height="141" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1093" width="139" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">terrestrial telescope. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Galileo (a physicist) dis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">covered a method to shor-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">ten the size of the terres –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">trial telescope by elimina-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">ting the reserved lens and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">replacing the ocular lens-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">from a convex lens into a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">concave lens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Thus, the object does not<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">look upside down but up-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">right as its real position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The
figure of the telescope was used by galileo</span></b><span lang="IN">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 153.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt;">
<b><i><span lang="IN">4.The PrismTelescop ( Binocular ).<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> To
make the image of the object does not look upside down, the prism telescope is
used a couple of the right angled prism. On those couple of the prisms, there happens
four times of total reflection. The prism telescope consists of a </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">convex lens as the
objective lens</span><span lang="IN">, a couple of
right angled prisms as the image reserved, and a convex lens as the ocular lens
as shown the figu re below : a. Parts of the prism telescope and b total re
flection in the prism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> The
advantages of prism </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">telescope compare the </span><span lang="IN">to
terrestrial telescope or Galileo telescope are that its size is more practice
to be carried away everywhere, and the image of the object looks clearer
because the light beam from the object undergoes total reflection by the prism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1091" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:80.2pt;margin-top:10.1pt;width:187.5pt;height:186pt;
z-index:251681197'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title="Picture 012" croptop="30978f" cropbottom="20072f" cropleft="29185f"
cropright="18370f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 248px; left: 0px; margin-left: 107px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 250px; z-index: 251681197;"><img height="248" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image078.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1091" width="250" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN">5.
Periscope.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 153.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 174.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">A periscope is a placed at the sub marine
to see the the objects on the sea level. This te- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lescope almost si- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">milar with the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">prism telescope, i.e. has
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">two convex lenses and a
couple of prism, but the light only undergoes total reflection twice as seen
the figure above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1097" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-1.55pt;margin-top:10.7pt;width:88.5pt;height:124.5pt;
z-index:251687341'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image079.jpg"
o:title="Picture 013" croptop="8080f" cropbottom="47759f" cropleft="10178f"
cropright="45881f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 166px; left: 0px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 118px; z-index: 251687341;"><img height="166" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image080.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1097" width="118" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1096"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:-1.55pt;margin-top:10.7pt;width:261.75pt;height:161.25pt;
z-index:251686317'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image079.jpg"
o:title="Picture 013" croptop="5451f" cropbottom="47526f" cropleft="11463f"
cropright="26043f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 215px; left: 0px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 349px; z-index: 251686317;"><img height="215" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1096" width="349" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Reflecting
Telescope.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 174.65pt; tab-stops: 3.0cm 92.15pt 120.5pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">A reflecting teles cope is used to o- serve the sky ob- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jects. It consists</span><span lang="IN"> of a concave mirror, a flat mirror, and a
convex lens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 132.1pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 127.6pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">The concave mirror functi ons in collecting the beam of light come from </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">the sk</span><span lang="IN">y objects. Before those light <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 4.55pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">beam collected at the focal point </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">of the concave mirror it is first reflected by</span><span lang="IN">
a flat mirror, which is positioned between the center point (O) and the focal
point(F<sub>ob</sub>) of the concave mirror.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 4.55pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Afterward, the light is reflected into the ocular lens, which is in the
shape of a convex lens as shown at the figure above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td bgcolor="white" height="33" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="54"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251698688;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1107">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">- 6 -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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</tr>
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</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 4.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1107" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:258.9pt;margin-top:-59.1pt;width:37.5pt;
height:21.75pt;z-index:251698688' stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251698688;"><span style="height: 33px; left: 0px; left: 345px; position: absolute; top: -79px; width: 54px;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> The concave mirror is used as a
substitution for the objective lens, because the concave miror is easier to
make, cheaper, the light gets no colour dis persion in it, and in the same size
a mirror is lighter than a lens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 4.55pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Equation example :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">1. The power
of the objective lens of an </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">astronomical telescope is + 2 Diopter, while the power of
its ocu- lar lens is +20 Diopter. What is the magnification and the length of
the telescope, if the eye of the observer does not accommodate ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 4.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M = 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 4.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D = 55cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 4.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. A terrestrial telescope with a focal length of the objec- tive lens
of 30cm, a focal length of the reserved lens of 2cm, and a focal length of
ocular lens of 2.5cm is used to see a far object. Calculate the magnification
and the lenght of the terrestrial telescope if the eye does not accommodate !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 4.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 120.5pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 259.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M = 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D = 40.5 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #17365d; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6. Projector.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Projector is an optical
instrument functioned in projecting an object such as picture to the screen
Hence, the image of the object (picture) looks bigger and clearer on the
screen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. Episcope.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #002060; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">object/picture </span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The operational manner of episcope<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Episcope is a projector
functioned in projec – ting untransparent pictures like photograph, poster,
brocure, and other printing pictures which are not transparent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> The light is radiated by
a </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">light
source collected using a concave mirror and </span><span lang="IN">directed into the picture. That light is reflacted
by the picture to the flat mir- ror. Then, the flat mirror directed the light
to the convex lens, so that it is formed a real, bigger, and upside down image.
In order to make the image is not upside down, the position of the picture is
reser ved, so that the image of the picture caught at the screen is in upright
state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Diascope. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;">Diascope is a
projector functioned in projecting </span><span lang="IN">transparent pictures like slide and film.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">1) Slide Projector.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:8.0pt;
color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:IN'>concave mirror<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The
operational manner of a projector slide<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #c00000; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN">The working principle of a slide projector is as
follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> The light radiated by
the lamp is collected by a concave mirror. Then,it is transmitted into a con
denser lens. The condenser consists of two or three convex lenses. The function
of the condenser lens is to form a real, bigger, and upside down image. After
ward, that real image is caught by screen. To make the image of the slide is
not upside down, the slide must be put in reserved position. Slide is the
result picture of a photographic activity </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">using a positive film </span><span lang="IN">called <b><i>diapositive.</i></b> Slide is
especially to be projected at a screen using a projector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 238px; left: 0px; margin-left: 156px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 190px; z-index: 251693485;"><img height="238" src="file:///C:/Users/Kusnadi/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image088.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1102" width="190" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">2. Film Projector. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> In a film projec </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tor, the substitution of
the </span><span lang="IN">slide mounting is faster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Hence, the pictures pro- jected on the screen look as if they are living.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">3. Overhead Projector.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> In an overhead projector, 2 flat mirrors are
placed in such a way that makes an overhead -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">projector is more practic</span><span lang="IN">e </span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Overhead
projector.</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 139.2pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt 5.0cm 148.85pt 9.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">than a slide projector. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-61716593642957451922014-03-29T05:22:00.001-07:002014-03-29T05:22:09.710-07:00WORK AND ENERGY<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251727872;"><span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; left: 332px; position: absolute; top: -36px; width: 76px;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_502" width="76" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">WORK AND ENERGY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A. Work.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A force that work on an object can be said doing work if
it causes the object to move.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">- If object does not move, its work is zero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">- If force perpendicular with its displacement,its work <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> is zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">- If force is opposite with its diaplacement direction, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> its work is
negative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">- If force is a direction with its displacement, its work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Is positive</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Work by a force
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>W = F x s<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 46px; left: 0px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 112px; z-index: 251659264;"><img alt="Text Box: W = F x s" height="46" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_22" width="112" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Where W = work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> F = Force<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> S = displacement <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The unit of Work<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">If the unit
of Force is Newton and the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">displacement </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">is meter then the
unit of Work is <b>Joule.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">If the unit
of Force is Dyne and the displacement is cm, then the unit of Work is <b>Erg.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">So Joule =
Nm and Erg = Dyne cm, the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> relationship </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">between Joule and
Erg is </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1 Joule = 1= 10<sup>7</sup> Erg<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Work by Some Force<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Work by same direction forces<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> S<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">W = ( F<sub>1</sub>
– F<sub>2</sub> ) . s = ∆ F . s<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. Energy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Energy is an ability to do work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Forms of Energy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Potential energy</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">;gravitational </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">potential energy</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> of earth is energy had by an object because of the
position to the earth.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> m
= object mass ( kg )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> g =
gravitational acceleration of earth ( m/s<sup>2</sup> ) h
= height position object to the
earth ( m ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kinetic energy, </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">energy that
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>E <sub>k </sub>= <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 48px; left: 0px; margin-left: 43px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251671552;"><img alt="Text Box: E k = " height="48" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_41" width="106" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> E<sub>k </sub>= kinetic energy (J)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> m = object mass (kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> v = speed ( m/s )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c. Chemical
energy;</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> energy which is stored in a matter or fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Electric
energy</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">; energy that caused by electric current<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. <i>Light energy;</i> energy from light e.g.
sunlight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">f<b>.
Sound energy</b></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ; energy is
produced by vibrating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g<b>. Nuclear
energy;</b></span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">energy is produced by nuclear reaction of atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Conservation Law of Energy.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Energy can
not be created or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Transformation of Energy.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Energy can change from one form
to another form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> a.<b> </b>Electric energy to heat energy , e.g.electric iron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> b. Chemical energy to electric
energy,e.g. battery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> c. Electric energy to light
energy , e.g. lamp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> d. Electric energy to kinetic
energy , e.g. fan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Conservation Law of Mechanical Energy. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> “<b><i>A
body falss down on the earth surface, its mechanical energy will constant at
every height if there is not external force or its fractional with the air is
neglected.”</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The law of
mechanical energy conservation :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">E<sub>m</sub> = E<sub>p</sub> + E<sub>k</sub> ; E<sub>m1
</sub> =
E<sub>m2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Law of mechanical energy conservation above can be described as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The smaller kinetic
energy, then the larger its potential energy,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The smaller
potential energy, then the larger kinetic energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The sum of kinetic
energy and potential ener- gy is always constant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">C. Power.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Power is velocity
to do work or energy changes per unit of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mathematically, power is
formulated as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 70.85pt;">
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v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"><![endif]></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:
IN'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
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</tr>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251697152;"><span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; left: 31px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 75px;"><img alt="Text Box: P = W/t" height="51" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_12" width="75" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">P = Power ( Watt )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 70.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">W = work ( Joule ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 70.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t = time ( second )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The power
unit is Joule equal to watt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Another unit
is Horse Power ( HP = PK )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1 hp = 746 Watt = 1 PK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D. Simple Machines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Simple machines is tool to do
work easier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.Lever <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">is a device used to move or lift load with smaller force
than the load.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">In its working system, a lever consists of load, support
point and power.While terminologies often used in the lever , are as follows :</span><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Load ( W ), namely
weight force<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Support point (T),
namely point between po- wer and load that not get displacement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Power (F), namely
force required to lift load. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Power arm
(Lk)namely distance from support point to power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Load arm (Lb),
namely distance from load to supprot point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang=IN
style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>- 2 -<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251728826;"><span style="height: 34px; left: 0px; left: 338px; position: absolute; top: -28px; width: 67px;"><img alt="Text Box: - 2 -" height="34" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_503" width="67" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Based on position/location of power, load and sup- port
point, the lever is divided into three kinds,i.d. <b><u>1. First Kind Lever</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ℓ<sub>b<o:p></o:p></sub></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></sub></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></sub></b><b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fulcrum</span></sup></b><b><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></sub></b><b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></sup></b><b><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">F<o:p></o:p></span></sup></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">W<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Example of application of first kind lever is crow- bar to lift stone,
cutter forceps and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <b><u>Lever’s principle :<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Power x Power arm = Load x Load
arm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>F x Lk<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>= W x Lb<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 178px; z-index: 251698176;"><img alt="Text Box: F x Lk = W x Lb" height="44" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_15" width="178" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Equations : </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>M A<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>= W
/ F<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>=<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Lk / Lb<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; margin-left: 96px; margin-top: 39px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 177px; z-index: 251699200;"><img alt="Text Box: M A = W / F = Lk / Lb" height="35" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_19" width="177" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Comparison
between load and power or between power arm and load arm is called <b>Mechanical ad- vantage.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Where : W =
load weight (N)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> F = power or force (N)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> L<sub>b</sub> = load length<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> L<sub>k </sub>= power length<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KM = mechanical advantage <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
Fulcrum W<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Example of the using of second kind lever is bottle plug opener , nail
drawer and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <b><u>3. Third Kinds Lever.</u>
F<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> W
Fulcr</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">um<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> When your arm lifts a barbell,your
arm is included into the 3rd kind lever with elbow as support point your arm as
power and barbell in the palm as load.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Pulley.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pulley is a simple machine in the shape of wheel which
around it is given string.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pulley is used to lifts load easily. Work principle of pulley is the same
with lever’s principle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Based on its connection, pulley
consists of fixed pulley and moving pulley.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. Fixed Pulley.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">is pulley that never moves its place, but only revolves to its axis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> In fixed pulley there is
not change of force magnitude, but only happens change of force direction with
purpose to simplify task or human work. So,function of the fixed pulley is to
change force to simplify work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The Point A = Power point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">O</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> B
Length BO = Load arm (Lb) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 99.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lever’s Principle :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">F x Lk = W x Lb ; Lk =
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<span lang=IN
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= 1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">F </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pulley this kind is often used to bail water , banner
lifter and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Moving Pulley. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b
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line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>F<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 37px; left: 0px; margin-left: 82px; margin-top: 31px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251692986;"><img alt="Text Box: F" height="37" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_14" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">is a pulley which is followed to move</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> with the load <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> The
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</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 4px; left: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 60px; z-index: 251691962;"><img height="4" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.png" v:shapes="Straight_x0020_Connector_x0020_13" width="60" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The Point O = Load Point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Length of AB
= Power Arm <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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AO = Load Arm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-ansi-language:IN'>F = ½ W<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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so F x 2 BO = W x
BO , <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mechanical advantage =w/F=2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Sloping Plane.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sloping plane is usually used to move or
lift body from higher place.For example,to move box from the ground into a
truck.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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" fillcolor="white [3201]" strokecolor="#f79646 [3209]" strokeweight="2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 122px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 55px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 191px; z-index: 251718586;"><img height="122" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.png" v:shapes="Right_x0020_Triangle_x0020_38" width="191" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Example of sloping plane is
screw, wood drill, slo- ping plane curved, stairs, and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang=IN
style='mso-ansi-language:IN'>The work done by force in the sloping</span><span
lang=IN style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:IN'> plane (Wf) must equ-
al to the work done by load in vertical directi- on ( Wb). It can be for
mulated as follows : </span><span lang=IN style='mso-ansi-language:IN'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image075.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> therefor w = m.g , so<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Its mechanical advantage is :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
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" fillcolor="white [3201]" strokecolor="#f79646 [3209]" strokeweight="2pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251726778;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; left: 20px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 197px;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_96" width="197" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
<b>M.A. = </b></span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-ansi-language:IN;font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>Load</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>Power</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:24pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = </span></b><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-ansi-language:IN;font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>w</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>F</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ansi-language:
IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-ansi-language:IN;font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>s</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ansi-language:IN'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>h</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:35.25pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image079.png"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="30" src="file:///C:\Users\Kusnadi\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="47" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">In which : F = power
(N)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> w = load / weight of the body (N)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> s = length of the sloping plane (m)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h = heght of the sloping plane (m)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> W<sub>f</sub> = work from the power F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> W<sub>l</sub> = work from the load w.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4. Gear. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A bike equipped with a gear is a simple ma chine. A pressure
force given at a pedal will rotate the axis;i.e.a big gear,which is connected </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">to a
small </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gear stuck in the rear wheel of a bike. The wheel will
rotate along the rotation of the axis of gears.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-23429474785987604932014-03-08T18:02:00.000-08:002014-03-08T18:02:11.962-08:00Perjuangan Diplomasi Dalam Upaya Mengembalikan Irian Barat<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">PERJUANGAN
DIPLOMASI DALAM UPAYA<br />
MENGEMBALIKAN IRIA BARAT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Perjuangan melalui jalur
Diplomasi.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> a. Perundingan langsung dengan
belanda.(bilateral)</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> Pemerintah RI berusaha menyelesaikan Irian
Barat melalui perundingan </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> Bilateral dalam lingkungan Uni Indonesia
Belanda. Mulai dirintis pada </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">
masa Kabinet Natsir. </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> -
pada akhir maret 1950 pihak Indonesia – Belanda melangsungkan </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> konferensi Uni Indonesia-belanda dijakarta untuk
membahas Irian </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> Barat dan ketatanegaraan
Indonesia.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Konferensi ini tidak membuahkan
kesepakatan mengenai Irian Barat. tetapi
berhasil membentuk suatu komite bersama dengan anggota 6 orang.<br />
<br />
- Mr. Moh . Yamin. -
G.h. Vander Kolff. - <br />
- I.H.P.S. Makaliwy. Indonesia -
R. Van Dijk.belanda. belanda <br />
- J. Latuharhary. -
J.M. Pieters.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada bulan desember 1950 diadakan
kembali konferensi di Den Haag tanpa menghasilkan titik temu.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada desember 1951 diadakan lagi
konferensi dengan belanda :</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Belanda mengajukan usul agar masalah Irian
Barat dibicarakan dalam </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> Mahkamah Internasional.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Indonesia menginginkan agar pembahasan
masalah Irian Barat dimasukan dalam
forum Majelis Umum PBB.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> - setelah itu tidak ada lagi perundingan
bilateral Indonesia-Belanda.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">b. Perjuangan Diplomasi melalui forum PBB.<br />
<br />
-
Sejak sidang pada 21 september 1954 pemerintah Indonesia <br />
membawa masalah Irian barat
dalam forum sidang Umum <br />
PBB.<br />
<br />
-
Persoalan ini telah berulangkali dimasukan dalam acara <br />
sidang, tapi tidak pernah memperoleh keputusan yang <br />
diharapkan.<br />
<br />
-
Penyebabnya tidak terlegalisasinya masalah Irian Barat, <br />
karena pihak Belanda dan
sekutunya selalu menghalangi <br />
keinginan Bangsa Indonesia.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">C. Perjuangan Diplomasi Tingkat Internasional</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT">1) Dalam Konferensi Colombo bulan
April 1954,</span><span lang="EN-US"> Indonesia
memajukan masalah Irian Barat.
Indonesia berhasil mendapat dukungan.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2) Pada
tahun 1954 Indonesia mengajukan </span><span lang="SV">masalah Irian Barat dalam sidang PBB.</span><span lang="EN-US">Namun mengalami kegagalan karena tidak
memperoleh dukungan yang kuat.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">3) Dalam KAA tahun 1955 Indonesi mendapat </span><span lang="SV">dukungan dalam masalah Irian Barat.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Pembubaran Uni
Indonesia-Belanda.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Pada 10 agustus 1954 Indonesia mengumumkan
pernyataan pembubaran Uni </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Indonesia-Belanda,melalui UU No. 13 tahun
1956 tertanggal 3 mei 1956.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Pada 4 agustus 1956 pemerintah RI secara
sepihak menolak mengakui hutang </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> negara sebesar 3.661 miliar gulden seperti
yang ditetapkan dalam KMB.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Sikap Indonesia diperkuat dengan pernyataan
pembatalan perjanjian KMB.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Indonesia membentuk propinsi Irian Barat
dengan Ibu kota di Soasiu </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> (Halmahera) dengan Gubernur yang pertama
adalah Zaenal Abidin Syah.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - Usaha diplomasi pemerintah Indonesia yang
mengalami jalan buntu membuat </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Indonesia memutuskan hubungan diplomatik
dengan belanda pada 17 </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">
agustus 1960.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> - </span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-70034936949002537592013-04-09T04:05:00.000-07:002013-04-09T04:05:22.934-07:00Binatang Halal<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Binatang yang halal adalah binatang yang boleh dimakan dan dibenarkan oleh ajaran syariat islam. contohnya seperti sapi, kerbau, dll. sunnah syarat hewan kurban adalah harus putih, panjang, gemuk, gagah, dan tidak cacat. pada surat al-maidah ayat 96 dijelaskan bahwa seluruh hewan laut halal untuk dimakan. alat untuk penyembelihan bisa menggunakan pisau tajam, sabit tajam, dan alat mekanik. alat yang tidak boleh digunakan untuk penyembelihan adalah kuku, gigi tajam, dan tanduk atau gading.</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-84677791464279830052013-04-02T00:14:00.003-07:002013-04-02T00:14:22.035-07:00CAPUNG<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capung adalah binatang yang menarik, memiliki 4 sayap, kepala
besar, antenna, toraks yang kuat dan kaki yang sempurna. Mata capung sangat
besar disebut mata majemuk, terdiri dari ommatidium. Dengan ini dia bisa
melihat ke segala arah dan mendektesi gerakan yang jauhnya lebih dari 10 meter.
Dan kakinya sangat kuat jadi diggunakan untuk hinggap di suatu tempat, bukan
untuk berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capung hidup seluruh dunia, paling banyak ditemukan di daerah
tropis seperti Indonesia. Di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 750 jenis capung.
Capung juga dapat hidup di pengunungan tinggi dan kawasan kutub utara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capung menghabiskan sebagian hidupnya sebagai nimfa (sepasin)
yang sangat bergantung pada perairan seperti sungai, sawah, danau, kolam,
atau rawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capung mengalami daur hidupnya sebanyak tiga tahap, yaitu telur,
nimfa, dan dewasa. Daur ini termasuk metamorfosis tidak lengkap. Nimfa terkenal
dengan pemangsa yang ganas di dalam air dan bernafas dengan insang. Pada
waktuknya selama lima tahun nimfa naik ke atas permukaan, memanjat tumbuhan dan
berubah menjadi capung dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telur capung ada yang panjang dan bulat, telurnya terdapt sebuah
lubang untuk dimasuki sperma sebelum ditaruh oleh induknya. Selama 1-3 minggu
telur akan menetas. Selain itu telur dapat sebagai makanan ikan besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku menarik capung, capung kawin dengan cara yang aneh.
Capung akan melakukan perkawinan dengan terbang, dengan menggunakan ekornya
capung jantan akan mencengkram bagian kepala betina, lalu betina membengkokkan
ujung perutnya menuju alat kelamin jantan yang sudah tersi sperma. Dan capung
memiliki kebiasaan untuk berjemur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat capung bagi kehidupan manusia ada banyak salah satunya
adalah. Capung sebagai inspirasi para seniman lukis,perancang mode, penulis
puisi dan lagu. Dapat juga sebagai makanan perangsang, sebagai obat, dan
digunakan untuk menghentikan kebiasaan mengompol pada anak- anak dengan cara si
capung menggelitik pusar anak tersebut. Capung dapat juga sebagai pembasmi
binatang kecil yang berbahaya sepertijentik- jentik nyamuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capung merupakan binatang yang akan punah karena habitat yang
rusak karena ulah manusia. Oleh sebab itu, capung harus dilestarikan. Dengan
cara tidak menangkapnya, dimakn atau dimainkan, juga harus dilestarikan tempat
tinggalnya/ habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-90943283262943785042013-03-05T06:59:00.001-08:002013-03-05T06:59:19.520-08:00pranata keluarga<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pranata keluarga adalah bagian dari pranata sosial yang meliputi lingkungan keluarga dan kerabat. Pembentukan watak dan perilaku seseorang dapat dipengaruhi oleh pranata keluarga yang dialami dan diterapkannya sejak kecil. Bagi masyarakat, pranata keluarga berfungsi untuk menjaga dan mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: #a7493a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt;">1) Pengertian Keluarga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Keluarga adalah satuan kekerabatan yang sangat mendasar di masyarakat. Satuan kekerabatan dapat disebut keluarga disebabkan adanya perkawinan atau keturunan. Perkawinan menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan adalah suatu ikatan batin antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita sebagai suami istri dengan tujuan membentuk keluarga yang kekal dan bahagia berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Berdasarkan jumlah anggotanya, keluarga dapat dibedakan menjadi keluarga inti dan keluarga luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">a) Keluarga inti atau batih (<i>nuclear family) </i>adalah satuan kekerabatan yang terdiri atas ayah dan ibu (orang tua) beserta anak-anaknya dalam satu rumah. Ada juga keluarga inti yang belum atau tidak mempunyai anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">b) Keluarga luas (<i>extended family</i>) adalah satuan kekerabatan yang terdiri atas lebih dari satu generasi atau lebih dari satu keluarga inti dalam satu rumah. Misalnya, keluarga yang memiliki kakek atau nenek, paman atau bibi, keponakan, dan lain-lain yang tinggal serumah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Keluarga dianggap sebagai satuan sosial mendasar yang akan membentuk arah pergaulan bagi masyarakat luas. Artinya, keluarga yang serasi dan harmonis akan membentuk lingkungan masyarakat yang harmonis pula, demikian juga sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: #a7493a; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt;">2 ) Peran atau Fungsi Pranata Keluarga</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai salah satu bentuk pranata sosial, pranata keluarga mempunyai beberapa fungsi, Berikut ini beberapa fungsi keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">a) <i>Fungsi reproduksi</i>; keluarga merupakan sarana untuk memperoleh keturunan secara sehat, terencana, terhormat, sesuai dengan ajaran agama, dan sah di mata hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">b) <i>Fungsi keagamaan</i>; pada umumnya suatu keluarga penganut agama tertentu akan menurunkan agama atau kepercayaannya kepada anak-anaknya. Anak-anak akan diajari cara berdoa atau beribadah sesuai dengan keyakinan orang tuanya sejak dini. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari terkadang kita temui keluarga yang terdiri atas berbagai macam agama di dalamnya, akan tetapi prosentasenya sangat kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">c) <i>Fungsi ekonomi</i>; keluarga merupakan suatu wadah dalam usaha mengembangkan serta mengatur potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi. Di masyarakat pedesaan atau pertanian, keluarga merupakan sumber tenaga kerja, mereka bersama-sama mengelola lahan pertanian sesuai dengan kemampuan dan tenaga masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">d) <i>Fungsi afeksi</i>; norma afeksi ada dan diadakan oleh para orang tua untuk mewujudkan rasa kasih sayang dan rasa cinta, sehingga dapat menjaga perasaan masing-masing anggota keluarga agar tercipta kerukunan dan keharmonisan hubungan di dalam keluarga. Fungsi afeksi berisi norma atau ketentuan tak tertulis mengenai bagaimana seseorang harus bersikap atau berperilaku di dalam keluarga dan masyarakat. Norma afeksi penting ditanamkan pada anak-anak sejak dini agar anak dapat mengenal, mematuhi, dan membiasakan diri dalam perilakunya sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">e) <i>Fungsi sosialisasi</i>; memberikan pemahaman tentang bagaimana seorang anggota keluarga bergaul dan berkomunikasi dengan orang lain dalam keluarga. Anak-anak telah dikenalkan dengan kedudukan dan status tiap-tiap anggota keluarga dan kerabat lainnya. Dengan demikian, anak secara tidak langsung telah belajar dengan orang lain dalam keluarga dan kerabat, sehingga mereka bisa membedakan sikap dan cara bicaranya saat ber-interaksi dengan anggota keluarga lainnya. Misalnya, sikap terhadap kakek tentu berbeda dengan sikap terhadap adik atau keponakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">f) <i>Fungsi penentuan status</i>; melalui keluarga seorang anak memperoleh statusnya dalam masyarakat, seperti nama, jenis kelamin, hak waris, tempat dan tanggal lahir, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">g) <i>Fungsi pendidikan</i>; keluarga merupakan satuan kekerabatan yang pertama kali dikenal oleh anak, sehingga di keluargalah anak memperoleh pendidikan pertamanya dari orang tua atau kerabat lainnya. Orang tua, dalam hal ini ayah dan ibu memiliki tanggung jawab yang sama untuk memberikan dasar pendidikan yang baik bagi anak sebelum mereka memasuki masa bermain di lingkungan dan sekolahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">h) <i>Fungsi perlindungan</i>; keluarga merupakan tempat berlindung lahir batin bagi anak khususnya dan bagi seluruh anggota keluarga pada umumnya. Berdasarkan fungsi ini, anak atau anggota keluarga lain merasa aman, nyaman, dan dapat menerima curahan kasih sayang dari orang tua atau dari sesama anggota keluarga.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-73301623332213041152013-03-05T06:58:00.002-08:002013-03-05T06:58:15.838-08:00daftar mobil yang akan diluncurkan 2013<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Dengan target penjualan yang ditetapkan Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia sebanyak 1,2 juta unit, pasar otomotif nasional akan semakin meriah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">1. Mobil Listrik Nasional</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Setidaknya ada 4 tipe mobil listrik nasional yang digagas Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) Dahlan Iskan. Yang sudah muncul ke ranah publik adalah Tucuxi (mobil sport), Elvi Ravi (angkot listrik), dan Ahmadi (city car).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />"Presiden sudah memutuskan Mei 2013 merupakan launching mobil listrik nasional. Kira-kira tanggal 20 atau 22 Mei 2013," tutur Dahlan beberapa waktu lalu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">2. Mobil murah</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Seiring dengan akan dikeluarkannya kebijakan Low Cost and Green Car di bulan Januari, Toyota Agya dan Daihatsu Ayla akan segera muncul. Bahkan kedua mobil ini sudah bisa dipesan di diler-diler Toyota dan Daihatsu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Selain itu Suzuki dan Nissan juga sudah memastikan akan mengikuti program ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">3. Peugeot</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Pabrikan Prancis Peugeot sebenarnya sudah memperkenalkan hatchback 208 di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">IIMS 2012</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">lalu, namun karena menunggu setir kanan, mobil yang bodinya ramah lingkungan harus menunggu diluncurkan ke pasar Indonesia tahun ini</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Peugeot 208 sendiri hadir sebagai pengganti Peugeot 207 dengan klaim lebih baik dan lebih ringan dari 207 lawas meski memiliki kesamaan wheelbase yakni 2.540 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Di Eropa mobil tersebut bisa didapatkan dengan 2 pilihan mesin yakni Peugeot 208 1.000 cc VTi bertenaga 75 bhp dan 1.200 cc VTi 3 silinder bertenaga 100 bhp (menggantikan mesin 1.400 cc dan 1.600 cc bensin di 207) dalam 3 dan 5 pintu untuk pasar Eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Dimensi Peugeot 208 lebih kecil daripada 207. Peugeot 208 hanya memiliki panjang 3.960 mm (lebih pendek 70 mm dari Peugeot 207. Sedangkan tingginya 1.492 atau lebih rendah 10 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">4. Honda</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM) setidaknya akan meluncurkan 2 model. Antara lain MPV Brio dan small SUV. Namun itu tergantung situasi Indonesia tahun depan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">5. Suzuki</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Tahun 2012 bisa dikatakan sebagai tahun keberuntungannya Suzuki Indonesia. Sebab penjualannya terus meningkat signifikan seiring diluncurkannya Ertiga. Untuk melengkapinya, Ertiga akan diluncurkan dengan varian transmisi otomatis dan double blower tahun ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">6. Volkswagen</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Pabrikan Jerman Volkswagen</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">tahun depan bakal semakin agresif di Indonesia. Beberapa mobil yang disiapkan VW tahun ini antara lain VW up!, VW Amarok, VW Golf Mk7, VW Beetle Fender Edition, dan VW Tiguan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">7. Proton</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Proton nampaknya semakin serius menggeluti pasar otomotif di Indonesia. Di 2013 Proton menyiapkan 2 mobil terbarunya yang akan diluncurkan untuk masyarakat Indonesia. Di Januari 2013 Proton bakal meluncurkan Preve. Sedan yang memiliki tampang sporty ini bakal meramaikan pasar sedan di Indonesia. Meski market sedan di Indonesia kecil, Proton yakin Preve ini akan sukses di pasaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Selain Preve sedan, Proton juga kabarnya akan meluncurkan Preve versi hatchback ke Indonesia.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">8. Chevrolet</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Lawan Avanza, Xenia dan Ertiga yakni Chevrolet Spin akan dilahirkan oleh Chevrolet. Mobil yang diproduksi di Pondok Ungu, Bekasi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">9. Nissan</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Selain mobil murah, Nissan juga dilaporkan akan melakukan facelift pada Grand Livina tahun ini. Selain itu Nissan juga akan meluncurkan GT-R yang sempat diperkenalkan di IIMS tahun lalu dengan banderolan harga Rp 2,2 miliar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">10. Mazda</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Mazda menyiapkan 3 armada baru di Indonesia, seperti Mazda All-New BT-50 Pro dan Mazda Biante di paruh kedua 2012 dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Mazda All New Mazda 6<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">di 2013.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">11. Tata Motors</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Pabrikan India Tata Motors merupakan salah satu merek mobil yang paling ditunggu di Indonesia. Di akhir kuartal 1 tahun 2013, Tata Motors Indonesia berencana melakukan peluncuran produk dan mulai memasarkan produknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Yang pertama pastinya mobil termurah sejagat Nano yang rencananya dijual dengan harga Rp 90 jutaan. Disusul mobil-mobil komersial seperti Ace dan Super Ace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">12. KIA</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Menghadapi persaingan yang ketat di 2013, KIA akan meluncurkan New Carens, Sorento, dan Rio<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">13. Mercedes-Benz</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Pabrikan mobil mewah ini setidaknya akan membawa satu varian yang diproduksi di sini yakni<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://oto.detik.com/read/2012/11/21/130352/2096899/1207/mercy-m-class-rakitan-lokal-mulai-beredar-tahun-depan" style="color: #81a9d5; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">M-Class</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">14. Jaguar Land Rover</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Anda penasaran dengan salah satu mobil terkeren Jaguar F-Type. Jangan khawatir. Mobil satu ini bakal mengaspal di Indonesia tahun depan melalui PT Grandauto Dinamika (GAD) selaku Agen Pemegang Merek (APM) Jaguar Land Rover di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Selain Jaguar, All New Range Rover rencananya akan dirilis pada Januari 2013 mendatang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">15. McLaren</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Satu lagi pabrikan mobil sport mendatangi Indonesia. Setelah selama ini hadir lewat Importir Umum (IU), McLaren meresmikan kehadirannya di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />McLaren di awal tahun 2013 akan membuka showroom di Pacific Place dan bengkel di kawasan Arteri Pondok Indah Jakarta. Apa saja mobil yang akan dibawa McLaren ke Indonesia? Tidak lain dua mobil performa terbaru McaLaren yakni 12C dan 12C Spider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">16.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Changan</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Pabrikan China Changan akan masuk ke Indonesia melalui Motor Image yang juga merupakan distributor merek Subaru. Untuk pertama Motor Image akan membawa kendaraan besar keluaran Changan terlebih dahulu. Setelah varian Small MPV dengan kapasitas 7 penumpang</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">17</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">.<strong>Porsche</strong></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Porsche akan merilis</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Cayenne Turbo S</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">yang diklaim sebagai varian terbaik Cayenne. Varian Porsche Cayenne ini hanya ada dalam jumlah yang terbatas.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Porsche Cayenne Turbo S disokong mesin 4.800 cc V8 dan bisa mengeluarkan daya sampai 550 tenaga kuda dan torsi sebesar 750 N. Lebih besar dari Cayenne Turbo yang memiliki tenaga 500 kuda dan torsi 700 Nm. Angkanya serba 50 dari Cayenne Turbo standar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Untuk berakselerasi dari 0-100 km per jam hanya butuh 4,5 detik, lebih cepat 0,2 detik dari model standar. Kecepatan maksimumnya pun bertambah 5 km per jam menjadi 283 km per jam. Meski tenaga bertambah, Porsche mengklaim mobil ini konsumsi BBM-nya tetap irit di angka 11,5 liter untuk 100 km perjalanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Selain Cayenne, Porsche Macan juga merupakan salah satu varian SUV yang patut ditunggu.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">18.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Ferrari</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;">Sebenarnya mobil ini diperkenalkan tahun lalu. Namun, untuk mendapatkan mobil dengan setir kanan para pecintanya ini harus lebih bersabar hingga setidaknya Maret 2013.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />F12berlinetta merupakan mobil sport dengan mesin V12 generasi terbaru Ferrari. Mesin baru ini membuat F12berlinetta menjadi mobil sport dengan performa terbaik yang pernah diproduksi Ferrari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />Meski memiliki performa tinggi, namun konsumsi BBM mobil ini lebih irit 30 persen dibanding generasi sebelumnya. Konsumsi BBM-nya tercatat sebesar 15 liter untuk 100 km.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-6311876844798670572013-03-05T06:53:00.002-08:002013-03-05T06:55:32.610-08:00hakekat hukum dan kelembagaan HAM<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dlm ketentuan ps 1 ayat 1 UU NO. 39 TH 1999
bhw HAM adalah seperangkat hak yg melekat pd hak yg melekat pd hakikat
keberadaan manusia sbg makluk TYE dn mrpkn anugrah-NYAyg wajib dihormati ,
dijunjung tinggi dn dilindungi oleh negara , hukum,pemerintah ,dn setiap orang
demi kehormatan serta perlindungan harkatdn martabat manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA HAM pd dasarnya krn
adanya kesadaran manusia thd harga diri, harkat ,dn martabat kemanusiaannya.
Kesadaran manusia tsb muncul krn adanya tindakan yg sewenang wenang dr penguasa
atau jg krn adanya perbudakan, penjajahan ,ketidakadilan ,kelaziman dll yg
melanda manusia .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">HAM pd hakikatnya mrpkn hak yg dimiliki manusia
yg melekat pdnya krn dia adalah manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">HAM MEMILIKI SIFAT MENDASAR DN FUNDAMENTAL
ARTINYA pelaksanaanya mutlak diperlukan agar manusia dpt berkembang sesuai dg
harkat martabat dn cita2nya. Hak ini jg dianggap universal artinya dimiliki
manusia tanpa membedakan bangsa , ras , agama ,dnjenis kelamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Ada 3 peristiwa penting didunia brt yg
menandai sejarah perkembangan HAM, yaitu Magna Charta, Revolusi Perancis, dn
Revolusi Amirika. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">DASAR HUKUM HAM DI INDONESIA,.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UUD 1945</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU RI NO 39 TH 1999 ttg HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU RI NO 5 TH 1998 ttg konversi
menentang penyiksaan dn perlakuan atau penghukuman lain yg kejam , tdk
manusiawi , merendahkan martabat manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU RI NO 26 TH 2000 ttg pengadilan
HAM. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU RI NO 23 TH 2004 ttg
PENGHAPUSAN KEKERASAN DLM RT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN RI NO 50 TH
1993 ttg KOMNAS HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN RI NO129 TH
1998 ttg Rencana Aksi Nasional HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">PERISTIWA PENTING YG PATUT DICATAT PD ERA ORDE
BARU adalah didirikannya LEMBAGA KOMNAS HAM TH 1993 .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">KOMNAS HAM adalah sebuah organisasi independen
yg tdk berpihak ,visioner, dn memiliki misi membantu menyelesaikan kasus2
pelanggaran HAM di indonesia serta melakukan kegiatan pendidikan dn penyuluhan
masy ttg HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dalam UUD 1945 ,hasil amandemen tlh dijabarkan
menjadi bbrp macam HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak atas kesamaan dlm hkm dn
pemerintahan. ( ps 27 ,ayat 1 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">HAK atas pekerjaan dn penghidupan
yg layak ( ps 27 ayat 2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak untuk membela negara ( ps 27
ayat 3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kemerdekaan berserikat ,berkmpl dn
mengeluarkn pikiran ( 28 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">HAM ( ps 28 A- 28 j )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kemrdekaan beragama dn beribadah ( ps 29 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak atas usaha pertahanan dn
keamanan negara ( ps 30 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak mendapatkn penddkn ( ps 31 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak mengembangkn dn memelihara
budaya ( ps 32 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak atas kehidupan ekonomi ( ps 33
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hak atas jaminan sosial dn
kesehatan ( ps 34 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Kewajiban asasi manusia yaitu seperangkat
kewajiban yg apabila tdk dilaksnkn mk kemungkinan Ham tdk terlaksn. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Ddlm ps
8 UU NO 39 TH 1999 diyatkn bwh menjd tjwb utama pmrnth untuk melakukan
perlindungan ,pemajuan , penegakn ,dn pemenuhan HAM. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Latar belakang perlunya HAM dlm sepanjang
sejarah kehidupan manusia adalah sangat dibutuhkn untuk melindungi harkat dn
martabat kemanusiaan yg sebenarnya sama antar umat kemanusiaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dlm ps 8 uu no 39 th 1999 dinyatakn bhw tjwb
utama pmrth untuk melakukn perlindungan , pemajuan , penegakan, dn pemenuhan
HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pengakuan HAM diindonesia tercamtum dlm UUD
1945 YAITU:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">1 PEMBUKAAN UUD 1945 ALINEA 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">2 BATANG TUBUH UUD 1945 PS 27- PS 34.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">3.2
Mendiskripsikan kasus pelanggaran dn upaya penegakan HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Masalah HAM bukan lagi mslh lokal ,nasional,
regional, melainkan mslh universal. Ham menjadi milik dn kebutuhan setiap orang
. hal ini berarti bwh penyelewengan dn pelanggaran ham memerlukn kepedulian
setiap orang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran thd ham dpt dilakukan oleh 2 pihak
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pihak negara dlm hal ini aparat negara atau pmrnth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pihak masyarakat atau warga negara
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran ham yg dilakukan oleh pihak aparat
negara meliputi pelanggaran oleh lembaga , eksekutif , legislatif , yudikatif ,
dn aparat kepolisian , serta tentara atau militer. Pelanggaran yg dilakukan
eksekutif misalnya kasus penggusuran tanah, penggusuran bangunan , larangan
penyampaian pendpt dn pembungkaman hak2 pol rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran ham pihak legislatif misalnya
pengeluaran produk hukum yg mengkhianati rasa keadailan dn mengendapkn aspirasi
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran ham oleh pihak yudikatif misalnya,
mafia peradilan ,penundaan eksekusi dn mebatalkn putusan yg tlh berkekuatan
hukum tetap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran oleh pihak kepolisian atau militer
, misalnya kasus penembakan , penculikan dn penahanan tanpa proses hukum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran HAM oleh masyarakat atau warga
negara dpt dilakukan perorangan atau kelompok orang thd seseorang, sedangkan
pelanggaran dpt dilakukan lembaga publik terhadap aparat negara pemerintah.pelanggaran
ham oleh masyarakat ini menghasilkan kasus2 spt kekerasan massal , perkelaian
antar kel masyarakat , aksi penjarahan
dn pembakaran perusakan , teror ,ancaman , perilaku anarki , dn konflik
antarbgs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Tantangan penegakan ham diindonesia makin
byknya pelanggaran ham yg terjd.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Sekarang ini yg diperlukan adalah langkah
nyata scr bersm , baik dr neg maupun masyarakat untuk melakukan penegakan ,
perlindungan , pemajuan ham di indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Banyaknya
kasus pelanggaran ham menunjukn msh lemahnya kesadaran penghormatan thd
ham.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Berbagai upaya pemerintah spt penyusunan UU
HAM ,pembentkn peradilan HAM , dn berbagai upaya lain hrs dilanjutkan dg
langkah2 nyata lain untuk melindungi HAM . Perlindungan merupakan kewajiban
negara. Dalam perlindungan HAM , scr prinsip negara wajib menghapus kebiasaan
dn praktik diskriminasi . pemerintah jg membentuk lembaga perlindungan dn
penegakan ham, lembaga ini bertujuan untuk melindungi , mempertahnkn ,dn
meningkatkan harkat dn martabat manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Perlindungan HAM dpt dilakukan oleh berbagai
lembaga al sbb :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI NASIONAL HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KEPOLISIAN NEGARA RI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK
INDONESIA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI NASIONAL ANTI KEKERASAN
TERHADAP PEREMPUAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">LEMBAGA SWADAYA MASYARAKAT ( LSM
).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">LEMBAGA PENEGAKAN HAM al sbb: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Komisi nasional anti kekerasan
terhadap perempuan. (Keppres no 181 th 1998 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Komisi nasional HAM. ( UU no 39 th
1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pengadilan HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Jaminan dn perlindungan HAM di indonesia
tertuang dlm berbagai instrumen hukum nasional, al:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ketetapan MPR NO XVII/MPR/1998 ttg
HAM .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UUD 1945 SETELAH PERUBAHAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU NO. 9 Tahun 1998 ttg
Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">UU NO. 39 Tahun 1999 ttg HAM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berbagai Konvensi yg Diratifikasi
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">KELEMBAGAAN HAM di INDONESIA antara lain : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI NASIONAL HAM . </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KEPOLISIAN NEGARA RI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KEJAKSAAN RI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">PENGADILAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK
INDONESIA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI NASIONALANTIKEKERASAN
terhadap PEREMPUAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">LEMBAGA SWADAYA MASYARAKAT ( LSM).
Atau GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">LEMBAGA PERLINDUNGAN HAM :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">KOMISI NASIOANAL HAM ( KOMNAS
HAM).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">LEMBAGA BANTUAN HUKUM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">BIRO KONSULTASI DN BANTUAN HUKUM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Biro konsultasi dn bantuan hukum (BKBH).
Berada di perguruan tinggi yg memiliki fakultas hukum.BKBH berfungsi sbg unit pelanyanan
hukum dlm bidang pendidikan masyarakat dn pelanyanan masyarakat dibidang hukum
untuk penyelenggaraan penddk dn pengabdian kpd masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Dalam penyelenggaraan penddkn , BKBH bertugas
untuk meberikan ketrampilan profesional kpd mahasiswa berbicara, baik
dipengadilan maupun diluar pengadilan serta memfasilitasi mahasiswa dn dosen
untuk melakukan kegiatan pengabdian kpd masyarakat di bidang hukum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">LBH adalah lembaga sosial yg memberikan
bantuan hukum kpd WN yg menjadi terdakwa dlm suatau perkara . LBH didirikan
oleh Persatuan Advokat Indonesia (Peradin),th 1971, kemudian th 1980 diubah
menjadi YLBHI . bantuan hukum yg dilaksanakan YLBHI diperuntukan bg WN yg tdk
mampu bayar advokat (Pengacara) dlm menuntut haknya yg sama didepan hukum.
TUJUAN diberikannya bantuan hukum (YLBHI) adalah untuk mencegah adanya ledakan
gejolak sosial dn keresahan sosial , untuk mengembalikan wibawa hukum dn
mengembalikan wibawa peradilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">UUD 1945 SETELAH PERUBAHAN. Menempatkan bab
tersendiri ttg HAM yaitu bab XA yg diatur dlm ps 28A sampai dg ps 28J.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">PENGADILAN HAM adalah pengadilan khusus thd
pelanggaran ham yg berat yaitu yaitu kejahatan kemanusiaan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN">Pelanggaran ham yg berat adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kejahatan genosida </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kejahatan kemanusiaan </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-24799256805117351432013-03-05T06:44:00.001-08:002013-03-05T06:44:56.433-08:00CABAI KATHUR<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabai kathur disebut kathur karena buahnya tumbuh menjulang
langit. Warna cabai kthur hijau waktu muda masak,dan merah tua. Cabai ini tahan
simpan selama 12 hari bila dipetik masih segar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Para petani cabai kathur dapat
memanen cabai kathur setelah 60 hari dari masatanam dan berlangsung sehingga 14
bulan,bahkan jika perawatan intensif masa panen akan lebih lama lagi. Masa
panen yang panjang ini sangat menguntungkan petani karena petani bisa menikmati
harga rendah dan tinggi. Di saat pasokan cabai rawit kosong harga cabai kathur
di pasaran bisa mencapai 20.000/kilo gram.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Penanaman cabai kathur yang baik
adalah ketika akhir musim penghujan dan awal musim kemarau, tetapi cabai kathur
tidak masalah jika ditanam di musim kemarau asal persediaan air masih tetap
ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Cabai kathur memiliki kelebihan,
yaitu seperti di musim kemarau tiba-tiba hujan. Kelebihan cabai kathur
lainnya, yaitu tahan hama penyakit.
Salah satunya <i>Aphis gossypii</i> yang
menghisap cairan tanaman hingga layu dan mati. Cabai kathur hanya memiliki 10%
angka kematian walapun tanpa penyemprotan pestisida, sedangkan cabai rawit
memiliki angka kematian sebesar 100% akibat hama bila tanpa penyemprotan
pestisida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-17260691404177996042013-02-26T01:33:00.000-08:002013-02-26T01:33:01.502-08:00antivirus terbaik<br />
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDKYmDYEKZxymlw-qVNKt6ECP72RWfbwadQ5uSuDwt_iwZh8IUSLsbISusq_W1Fam4Du1ZKelG6O14sxlBl5twFIqoTchmsqMRzHPnp78lenZSK8z9iK6WwV90J6GcAlQfnU6izDat0/s1600/garis-bawah2.gif); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #2673ac; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<b>BitDefender Antivirus Plus</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;">Hal ini tidak perangkat lunak antivirus gratis, tapi harga tidak begitu tinggi. The BitDefender bebas Ditambah juga tersedia di pasar tapi itu tidak harus seperti versi dibayar. Pilihan autopilot dari software ini sangat nyaman dan mengurus semuanya. Pemula dan pengguna tingkat lanjut dapat menggunakan software ini dengan baik.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDKYmDYEKZxymlw-qVNKt6ECP72RWfbwadQ5uSuDwt_iwZh8IUSLsbISusq_W1Fam4Du1ZKelG6O14sxlBl5twFIqoTchmsqMRzHPnp78lenZSK8z9iK6WwV90J6GcAlQfnU6izDat0/s1600/garis-bawah2.gif); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #2673ac; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kaspersky Anti-Virus</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;">Ini adalah perangkat lunak antivirus terbaik download, sekarang tersedia untuk OS Linux tapi itu dikembangkan untuk Windows dan Mac. Kecepatan dan real waktu pemindaian mesin software ini sangat luar biasa dan efisien. Dan mengurus untuk umpan balik pengguna dan update.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDKYmDYEKZxymlw-qVNKt6ECP72RWfbwadQ5uSuDwt_iwZh8IUSLsbISusq_W1Fam4Du1ZKelG6O14sxlBl5twFIqoTchmsqMRzHPnp78lenZSK8z9iK6WwV90J6GcAlQfnU6izDat0/s1600/garis-bawah2.gif); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #2673ac; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Panda Antivirus Pro</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;">Ini adalah program ringan dan cepat dan tidak mempengaruhi kinerja sistem karena tidak mempertimbangkan memori atau RAM. Hal ini sangat populer di kalangan perangkat lunak antivirus yang lain. Ini bukan masalah bagi software ini, waktu booting dan shutdown. Ini membantu untuk melindungi sistem Anda dari semua jenis virus.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDKYmDYEKZxymlw-qVNKt6ECP72RWfbwadQ5uSuDwt_iwZh8IUSLsbISusq_W1Fam4Du1ZKelG6O14sxlBl5twFIqoTchmsqMRzHPnp78lenZSK8z9iK6WwV90J6GcAlQfnU6izDat0/s1600/garis-bawah2.gif); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #2673ac; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<b>F-Secure Anti-Virus</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;">Ini adalah di posisi ke-4 dalam daftar 5 antivirus terbaik. Ketika berselancar di web, perangkat lunak ini akan melindungi sistem Anda dan akan memantau dan menghentikan kegiatan yang mencurigakan dapat membahayakan komputer Anda. Anda dapat menggunakan antivirus ini untuk melindungi identitas pribadi Anda dari penyusup.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;" /><h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaRDKYmDYEKZxymlw-qVNKt6ECP72RWfbwadQ5uSuDwt_iwZh8IUSLsbISusq_W1Fam4Du1ZKelG6O14sxlBl5twFIqoTchmsqMRzHPnp78lenZSK8z9iK6WwV90J6GcAlQfnU6izDat0/s1600/garis-bawah2.gif); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #2673ac; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<b>AVG Anti-Virus</b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: justify;">Antivirus AVG membuat sistem Anda bersih dan melaporkan semua file. Mesin sensitif dari software ini akan menghentikan pelaporan file karena mungkin termasuk file berbahaya. Mesin yang lebih baik dari versi baru AVG Anti-Virus 2.012 tidak tetap pemindaian cepat dan efektif. Booting dan shutdown tidak bisa meminimalkan dengan ini.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-3262914757281453032013-02-17T01:49:00.001-08:002013-02-17T01:49:06.305-08:00Lingkungan Fisik Dan Perubahannya<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">A. PENGERTIAN ABIOTIK</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Komponen abiotik adalah segala sesuatu yang tidak bernyawa seperti tanah, udara, air, kelembaban, cahaya. Pengertian komponen abiotik yang tepat adalah komponen lingkungan yang terdiri atas makhluk hidup, komponen lingkungan yang terdiri atas makhluk tak hidup, komponen lingkungan yang terdiri atas manusia dan tumbuhan, serta komponen lingkungan yang terdiri atas makhluk hidup dan mkhluk tak hidup. Faktor abiotik adalah faktor pendorong untuk biotik sehingga biotik dapat hidup dan melakukan aktivitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Abiotik tidak memiliki ciri sebagaimana faktor biotik, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">1) Bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">2) Tumbuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">3) Berkembang biak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">4) Iritabilita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">5) Makan dan minum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">6) Melakukan ekskresi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">7) Beradaptasi dgn lingkunagnnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">B. FAKTOR-FAKTOR ABIOTIK</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Faktor abiotik adalah faktor yang berasal dari alam semesta yang tidak hidup, misalnya udara, air, cahaya, dll. Fungsi-fungsi komponen abiotik dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia dan yang dapat mempengaruhi ekosistem antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Tanah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Manusia dapat beraktifitas, membangun rumah, gedung, bahkan bercocok tanam. Tanah juga ditempati oleh komponen biotik seperti tumbuhan dan hewan yang melakukan aktifitasnya setiap hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Suhu Atau Temperatur</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Suhu merupakan syarat yang diperlukan organisme untuk hidup. Temperatur lingkungan adalah ukuran dari intensitas panas dalam unit standar dan biasanya didekspresikan dalam skala derajat celsius. Selama musim hujan, rata-rata temperatur udara lebih rendah, sedangkan kelembaban tinggi dibanding pada musim panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Sinar / Cahaya Matahari</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Sinar matahari mempengaruhi sistem secara global, karena sinar matahari menentukan suhu. Sinar matahari juga merupakan unsur vital yang dibutuhkan oleh tumbuhan sebagai produsen untuk berfotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Radiasi matahari dalam suatu lingkungan berasal dari dua sumber utama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">a. Temperatur matahari yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">b. Radiasi termal dari tanah, pohon, awan dan atmosfir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Air</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Sekitar 80-90 % tubuh mahkluk hidup tersusun atas air. Air dibutuhkan untuk kelangsungan hidup organisme. Bagi tumbuhan, air diperlukan dalam pertumbuhan, perkecambahan dan penyebaran biji, bagi hewan dan manusia air diperlukan untuk minum dan sarana hidup lain seperti transportasi bagi manusia dan tempat hidup bagi ikan. Bagi unsur abiotik lain misalnya tanah dan batuan, air digunakan sebagai pelarut dan pelapuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. UDARA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Selain berperan dalam menentukan kelembaban, angin juga berperan sebagai penyebaran biji tumbuhan tertentu. Angin diturunkan oleh pola tekanan yang luas dalam atmosfir yang berhubungan dengan sumber panas atau daerah panas dan dingin pada atmosfir.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nitrogen</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Unsur Nitrogen merupakan gas yang diperlukan oleh mahkluk hidup untuk membentuk protein, dan persenyawaan lainnya. Tumbuhan, hewan, dan manusia tidak mampu memamfaatkan nitrogen yang ada di udara secara langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Oksigen dan karbon dioksida</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Okigen (O<sub>2</sub>) merupakan gas pembakar dalam proses pernapasan. Makanan, misalnya karbohidrat yang ada di dalam sel, mengalami pembakaran (oksidasi) guna mendapatkan energi. Oksidasi tersebut sering disebut sebagai pernapasan sel. Dalam pernapasan dihasilkan pula karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). baik tumbuhan maupun hewan memerlukan oksigen dari udara bebas untuk pernapasannya dalam rangka mendapatkan energi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Angin dan kelembaban<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Angin berperan membantu penyerbukan tumbuhan, menyebarkan spora dan biji tumbuhan. Bebrapa serangga hama tumbuhan dapat diterbangkan oleh angin ke tempat lain yang jauh. Kelembaban berperan menjaga organisme agar tidak kehilangan air karena penguapan. Kelembaban adalah jumlah uap air dalam udara.<a href="http://adithwidhiantara.blogspot.com/" name="_GoBack" style="color: #81a9d5; text-decoration: initial;"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 14pt;">Lingkungan fisik dan Perubahannya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Lingkungan fisik (anorganik) merupakan komponen yang terdapat dalam kehidupan. Lingkungan fisik (anorganik) adalah lingkungan yang terdiri dari gaya kosmik dan fisigeografis (tanah, air, radisai, gaya tarik, dan sebagainya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">1. Jenis – jenis lingkungan fisik dan perubahannya :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Alami<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Perubahan lingkungan fisik secara alami terjadi karena faktor alam. Perubahan lingkungan fisik secara alami meliputi : Angin, Gelombang, Pasang Surut, Angin Topan dan Badai, gunung meletus, gempa bumi, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Buatan manusia</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Perubahan lingkungan fisik karena buatan manusia terjadi karena aktivitas manusia. Perubahan lingkungan fisik karena buatan manusia meliputi : banjir, tanah longsor, kebakaran hutan, kerusakan terumbu karang, pemanfaatan sumber daya secara berlebihan, pencemaran, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Onyx; font-size: 13pt;">�<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">Perubahan lingkungan fisik akibat perubahan iklim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Meningkatnya suhu bumi akibat akumulasi gas-gas rumah berbasis karbon, seperti karbondioksida. Mendorong terjadinya perubahan iklim. Perubahan suhu bumi juga terjadi di lautan yang mengakibatkan berubahnya siklus dan kejadian cuaca, yang disebut sebagai perubahan iklim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Perubahan iklim menyebabkan terjadinya kenaikan suhu, mencairnya es di kutub, bergesernya garis pantai, musim kemarau yang berkepanjangan, namun semakin tinggi intensitasnya. Hal-hal ini kemudian akan menyebabkan tenggelamnya beberapa pulau dan berkurangnya luas daratan, gagal panen, wabah penyakit, dan lain-lainnya. Akibat lain dari perubahan iklim ialah perubahan terhadap lingkungan fisik dan biota. Dampaknya, terjadi kerusakan terhadap komposisi ketahanan atau produktifitas ekosistem alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Onyx; font-size: 13pt;">�<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">Perubahan lingkungan fisik akibat aktifitas manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Meningkatnya kontrol manusia terhadap lingkungan hidupnya ser¬ingkali menciptakan konflik-konflik antara sasaran-sasaran kemanusiaan dengan proses-proses alamiah. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan lingkungan fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">2. Akibat aktifitas manusia terhadap perubahan lingkungan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">A. Lingkungan bisa menjadi baik</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Lingkungan fisik menjadi baik apabila ada peran serta dan campur tangan manusia misalnya :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Dibuat hutan lindung mengakibatkan perubahan lingkungan fisik :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Menjamin tersedianya air bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Penyedia oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Mencegah erosi dan banjir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Berbagai jenis hewan mempunyai tempat tinggal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Menjadi objek wisata alam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Menjadi objek konservasi alam dan penelitian ekologi hutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">B. Lingkungan menjadi rusak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pembakaran hutan sembarangan dan hutan lindung yang subur berubah menjadi areal perumahan, pabrik sehingga terjadi pengusapan lahan mengakibatkan banjir, erosi, tanah longsor, hewan – hewan kehilangan tempat tinggal, berkurangnya persediaan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Terjadi urbanisasi dan penglihatan tanah pertanian yang semula subur menjadi daerah pemukiman industri sehingga lahan pertanian semakin sempit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Penambangan liar mengakibatkan daerah pertambangan longsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pemakaian bahan peledak, racun dan pukat harimau dalam menangkap ikan mengakibatkan banyak ikan mati, rusaknya terumbu karang dan biota laut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Most Wazted';">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dampak negatif perubahan lingkungan fisik dalam bidang produksi pangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Banjir yang menggenangi sawah dan merusak tanaman padi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Kebakaran hutan di musim kemarau menyebabkan kerusakan dan matinya organisme di hutan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Tercemarnya air laut dan sungai karena limbah yang menyebabkan ikan-ikan dan organism yang hidup di laut mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Kegiatan pembangunan dengan pola-pola perusakan lingkungan pesisir pantai atau kegiatan reklamasi (pantai di buat perumahan, taman wisata) mengakibatkan abrasi sehingga mengakibatkan lahan tambak (kolam buatan untuk memelihara ikan) hilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Most Wazted'; font-size: 13pt;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 13pt;">Dampak Negatif Perubahan Lingkungan Fisik Terhadap Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pencemaran Udara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pencemaran udara bisa berarti polusi akibat kendaraan, asap pabrik, asap rokok, asap pembakaran sampah, dsb. Asap – asap tersebut dapat mengakibatkan gangguan pernafasan bagi kesehatan tubuh manusia. Seperti sesak nafas, asma, kanker paru – paru, tberkulosis (TBC), bronkhitis, dan influenza.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kerusakan Hutan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Kerusakan hutan dapat diakibatkan dari penebangan pohon secara liar. Dapat mengakibatkan tanah longsor atau banjir. Terhadap kesehatan, banjir dapat menyebabkan diare, dan juga penyakit kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pencemaran Air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pencemaran air dapat diakibatkan oleh limbah pabrik, sampah yang dibuang secara sembarangan. Penyebab pencemaran air hampir sama seperti kerusakan hutan, menyebabkan banjir. Dapat mengakibatkan penyakit kulit seperti, gatal – gatal, panuan, kudis, kurap, kutu air, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Tidak adanya air bersih mengakibatkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt;">»<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Diare - Kolera - Demam berdarah - Tiphus - Disentri - Cacingan - Hepatitis A – Malaria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt;">»<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Air yang tercemar mengakibatkan penyakit kulit/rasa gatal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt;">»<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Udara yang tercemar dapat menimbulkan gangguan pernapasan (sesak nafas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Kekeringan menyebabkan kelaparan/kekurangan gizi</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-82981465820059965722013-02-17T01:47:00.001-08:002013-02-17T01:47:06.872-08:00Uang Pecahan Kuno Indonesia Berharga Jutaan Rupiah<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Uang logam indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> terdahulu yang ternyata mencapai nilai jutaan kalau dijual sekarang. Uang logam langka ini tidak sembarang orang yang punya karena dulu dicetak karena adanya peringatan tertentu. Uang-uang logam peringatan ini terbuat dari emas dan perak serta dicetak dalam jumlah sangat terbatas sehingga mempunyai nilai jual yang sangat tinggi.<a href="http://adithwidhiantara.blogspot.com/" name="more" style="color: #81a9d5; text-decoration: initial;"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /><b>1. Pecahan 200 rupiah</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Terbuat dari perak (silver) dengan kadar 99,99% seberat 8 gram. Bergambar burung cendrawasih dan dicetak sebanyak 5100 keping. Harga berkisar Rp. 400 500 ribu.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6e5HE1e8jHs6FS39ArFR0gdAxkvvAJqoMTyGGfKprlRgaSIlCcckxLLOmGm540NCqZNvHXbarr5TX-BsxTVMWmt8_IdDx4JDp0zWmAzZAXrnDjHHa7XrS7trmv34hmi4Uq_rS6OIXos/s320/pecahan+200.JPG" width="320" /><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 200 rupiah 1970 (silver)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br />2. Pecahan 250 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Terbuat dari perak 99,99% dengan berat 10 gram dan bergambar patung Manjusri dari Candi Tumpang di Malang. Dicetak sebanyak 5000 keping, harga jual sekitar Rp. 500 ribu.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmPrTy4kSLG1TqlXbbpsRPPppoLcvcnCTzf_DW6Nt-9uhjjQo_cIV8wy06_BYmxdHB14mlJxSL6yV7_bX65Qge5qCa_Lx8DzG2b1GZzmynoJTBTwTnSa4Pg-B9v6SCnhpOz-jVxqXedL8/s320/pecahan+250.JPG" width="320" /><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 250 rupiah 1970 (silver)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br />3. Pecahan 500 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Bergambar penari wayang, dicetak sebanyak 4800 keping. Kadar perak 99,99% dengan berat 20 gram. Harga jual sekitar Rp. 500 -600 ribu.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr81OgndTmd_PuGPK2IbRGZgPqdund8z_S_Dg-FNV3dZLj8yfee5Uxm1Q9vwOuHW2n95FDko0HfTOiejZqv6M-ie_WN1vJELOcuOD7IaSXyGnrF8OnkhFZ96jJvKnq93ZlVUI2efnWfhA/s320/pecahan+500.JPG" width="320" /><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 500 rupiah 1970 (silver)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br />4. Pecahan 750 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Bergambar ukiran Bali, berat 30 gram dengan kadar perak 99,99%. Dicetak sebanyak 4950 keping. Harga perkeping sekitar Rp. 600-700 ribu.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBZKwWxQecUWb7pg_psMf9wQSTRxvQnsdeW61LdSnlUaP-MpdaHsEr1jguADvnb9LIqZEocW3EGqOAAfztp57Dsp9yccye67BAuWgDvN9MzzrKa1nmBnMTjehHI6bDpdWv81z82HFTqn0/s1600/pecahan+750.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBZKwWxQecUWb7pg_psMf9wQSTRxvQnsdeW61LdSnlUaP-MpdaHsEr1jguADvnb9LIqZEocW3EGqOAAfztp57Dsp9yccye67BAuWgDvN9MzzrKa1nmBnMTjehHI6bDpdWv81z82HFTqn0/s320/pecahan+750.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16px;">Pecahan 750 rupiah 1970 (silver)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">5. Pecahan 1000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Bergambar Jendral Sudirman dengan berat 40 gram dan terbuat dari 99,99% perak. Dicetak sebanyak 4250 keping dengan harga sekitar 800 ribu s/d 1 juta rupiah.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrQ0aXs4gKMRNVdc2rn6Y7otxzIQPhVjR2DnOYWlV90dhRSIVp7E-49CuMEyNCL8oUqfps4PSwyHNPQSpiIvMTCns8L5Bm40fRdJ8CRTG7-KBJvIcjZvZMVzsMgfyOqdF0yZfCGF2IFM/s1600/pecahan+1000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrQ0aXs4gKMRNVdc2rn6Y7otxzIQPhVjR2DnOYWlV90dhRSIVp7E-49CuMEyNCL8oUqfps4PSwyHNPQSpiIvMTCns8L5Bm40fRdJ8CRTG7-KBJvIcjZvZMVzsMgfyOqdF0yZfCGF2IFM/s320/pecahan+1000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 1000 rupiah 1970 (silver)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlGvTOLdLZdPTsOJPEt0qLbbXpal24c_Te5hphvakNwIWik27RXzm5-0FQit6KCO2kQ9a3SKLy5GPDcMuVGUqlk11KxtzrJUf1TMkglIiU4lhm0iV_sDXbv6SASUZ4yLs9VTwah_d_ug/s1600/folder+berisi+5+keping+logam+perak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlGvTOLdLZdPTsOJPEt0qLbbXpal24c_Te5hphvakNwIWik27RXzm5-0FQit6KCO2kQ9a3SKLy5GPDcMuVGUqlk11KxtzrJUf1TMkglIiU4lhm0iV_sDXbv6SASUZ4yLs9VTwah_d_ug/s320/folder+berisi+5+keping+logam+perak.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="260" /></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Folder berisi 5 keping logam perak 1970</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /><br />Kelima pecahan di atas ada yang dikemas dalam bentuk folder berisi sertifikat keaslian. Harga satu set lengkap berkisar di angka 2,5 sampai 3 juta rupiah.<br />Selain kelima pecahan yang tebuat dari perak, dikeluarkan pula 5 pecahan yang bentuknya sama tetapi dengan nominal dan bahan yang berbeda. Kelima pecahan berikutnya terbuat dari emas dengan kadar 90%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">6. Pecahan 2000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigWege892w1WPyEqtnAb9ye0MQaTXBsPO6aRVrZPEb8O5Blvjof1Zb8ge__Zui4GBhQOzZs_6pJbPd2yLvQvih2511WtNcbDKoe7RWbXxkwzZ7Kbyz5efgpB5nh-4LvTwM79uYaWeZ_Pc/s1600/pecahan+2000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigWege892w1WPyEqtnAb9ye0MQaTXBsPO6aRVrZPEb8O5Blvjof1Zb8ge__Zui4GBhQOzZs_6pJbPd2yLvQvih2511WtNcbDKoe7RWbXxkwzZ7Kbyz5efgpB5nh-4LvTwM79uYaWeZ_Pc/s320/pecahan+2000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar dan ukuran sama persis dengan yang perak, terbuat dari emas dengan berat 4,93 gram dan dicetak sebanyak 2970 keping. Sangat langka dan bernilai tinggi. Harga emasnya saja sudah sekitar 1 juta rupiah belum termasuk nilai antiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 2000 rupiah 1970 (gold)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">7. Pecahan 5000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYz6ouH4jWyhUdNqvE2chjBaQavRNkcmfWufw76q1lF3mRdWWec47VNe_8VLXL5WUPQm6QzrtCgk2qAzycR4lDThoWdPlHydFz7Mjb8ZxNMA5EkN2nLn2T9lv_YbYA30sGzIS6dkfPV8g/s1600/pecahan+5000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYz6ouH4jWyhUdNqvE2chjBaQavRNkcmfWufw76q1lF3mRdWWec47VNe_8VLXL5WUPQm6QzrtCgk2qAzycR4lDThoWdPlHydFz7Mjb8ZxNMA5EkN2nLn2T9lv_YbYA30sGzIS6dkfPV8g/s320/pecahan+5000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Berat sekitar 12,3 gram dan dicetak sebanyak 2150 keping. Harga emasnya saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">sudah sekitar 2,5 juta rupiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 5000 rupiah 1970 (gold)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">8. Pecahan 10000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI60PKcsJOenSE2N9p2GuCGuAxNCqFa_wbVx2NhW81a9we-Z0JqZYxl2dEsSW2RkLEg62Gw8xRzcVXi40Uid3VeK9BAqRsN66FbsP2pYrJiFdKED7xMUySAe65iijvEsjQ79cUKbLFDLA/s1600/pecahan+10000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI60PKcsJOenSE2N9p2GuCGuAxNCqFa_wbVx2NhW81a9we-Z0JqZYxl2dEsSW2RkLEg62Gw8xRzcVXi40Uid3VeK9BAqRsN66FbsP2pYrJiFdKED7xMUySAe65iijvEsjQ79cUKbLFDLA/s320/pecahan+10000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Dicetak sebanyak 1440 keping dengan berat sekitar 24,6 gram. Harga sudah melebihi 5 juta rupiah perkeping.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 10000 rupiah 1970 (gold)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><br />9. Pecahan 20000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeDnXx2865XKYgp0GDyfzYQyU5zg7g7oAKnWLhC-AqwAYkESz_MYUAYH7pOZ7277YVmDTI7tbRMkSG2ATKQtJmmQ_fFB6QplhukriWd-lkrf749CGpGo6Nfxq1MBf7V5bhiR-0LUi1D8U/s1600/pecahan+20000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeDnXx2865XKYgp0GDyfzYQyU5zg7g7oAKnWLhC-AqwAYkESz_MYUAYH7pOZ7277YVmDTI7tbRMkSG2ATKQtJmmQ_fFB6QplhukriWd-lkrf749CGpGo6Nfxq1MBf7V5bhiR-0LUi1D8U/s1600/pecahan+20000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Mempunyai berat 49,37 gram dengan jumlah hanya 1285 keping. Harga saat ini di atas 10 juta rupiah perkepingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan 20000 rupiah 1970 (gold)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">10. Pecahan 25000 rupiah</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64vHJpMWPeFNINlAMEokto5tITuFu2AsJmNKYoH7OGF6A-RsPpBG3suGRq38gPT_u-XPW6sgCjMLsqsnGXtm_-2hdHK8CjmDSS8lFAeN7DmMQAXAc8DHhgVfRJ_iEgEAoUCOko2LJQvM/s1600/pecahan+25000.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #81a9d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh64vHJpMWPeFNINlAMEokto5tITuFu2AsJmNKYoH7OGF6A-RsPpBG3suGRq38gPT_u-XPW6sgCjMLsqsnGXtm_-2hdHK8CjmDSS8lFAeN7DmMQAXAc8DHhgVfRJ_iEgEAoUCOko2LJQvM/s1600/pecahan+25000.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt;">Pecahan terbesar dari seri ini, terbuat dari emas dengan berat 61,7 gram. Dicetak hanya sebanyak 970 keping. Sangat langka dan bernilai tinggi. Harga sudah mencapai 14-15 juta rupiah perkeping. Gambar diambil dari situs Bank Indonesia.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-36495243506030639542013-02-15T19:05:00.007-08:002013-02-15T19:05:46.218-08:00Sejarah Uang<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;">Sejarah Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Masa sebelum barter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pada zaman purba, atau pada masyarakat yang masih sangat sederhana, orang belum bisa menggunakan uang. Perdagangan dilakukan dilakukan dengan cara langsung menukarkan barang dengan barang. Cara ini bisa berlangsung selama tukar menukar masih terbatas pada beberapa jenis barang saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Masa barter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pada masa ini untuk memenuhi kebutuhan, orang/kelompok orang sudah membutuhkan pihak lain/dihasilkan oleh pihak lain, karena jumlah orang sudah semakin meningkat dan bertambah, maka munculah pertukaran barang, karena pada masa ini orang belum mengenal produksi barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> Syarat utama terjadinya barter adalah, bahwa orang yang akan saling tukar barang, mereka saling membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kesulitan Barter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Sulit enemukan barang untuk kebutuhan yang mendesak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Sulit menentukan perbandingan barang yang ditukarkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Sulit memenuhi kebutuhan yang bermacam-macam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Masa Uang Barang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pada masa ini, orang sudah mulai berfikir barang perantara sebagai alat pertukaran, maka dicarilah jenis barang yang dapat mempermudah pertukaran, sebagai syarat, sebagai alat perantara pertukan barang/uang barang adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Barang tersebut dapat diterima dan dibutuhkan semua orang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Barang tersebut dapat ditukarkan kepada siapa saja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Mempunyai nilai tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Tahan lama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kesulitan uang barang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Sukar disimpan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Sukar dibawa keana-mana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Sukar dibagi menjadi bagian yang lebih kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Kebanyakan uang barang tidak tahan lama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Nilai uang barang tidak tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis barang yang pernah digunakan sebagai alat uang barang antara lain : kulit hewan, hewan, batu-batuan berharga, kulit pohon, logam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Masa Uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Peradaban yang semakin maju, mengakibatkan kebutuhan yang semakin banyak dan bertambah pula, hal tersebut mendorong manusia untuk alat perantara pertukaran yang mudah, praktis, dan mempunyai nilai, maka dikembangkanlah jenis uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Suatu barang berfungsi sebagai mata uang, apabila memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Dapat diterima oleh siapapun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Tahan lama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Mudah disimpan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Mudah dibawa kemana-mana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Dapat dibagi menjadi bagian yang lebih kecil dengan tidak mengurangi nilainya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Jumlahnya terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7. Nilai uang tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis barang yang paling memenuhi syarat tersebut di atas adalah logam terutama emas dan perak, karena awalnya kertas belum ditemukan, maka jenis uang logamlah yang pertama kali ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis uang yang pernah ada di Indonesia :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Mata uang kampua (boda), berasal dari Sulawesi berwujud tenunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Mata uang tembaga, pernah beredar di Banjarmasin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Mata uang krisnala terbuat dari emas dan tembaga, beredar pada masa kerajaan Jenggala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Sebelum tahun 1946 Javasche Bank yang didirikan oleh bank Sirkulasi Belanda mengeluarkan gulden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Uang Jepang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Setelah tahun 1946 pernah beredar ORI (Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia) dan terakhir jenis uang Rupiah sapai saat ini.<br /><br /> </span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Pengertian Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurut ensiklopedi Indonesia uang adalah segala sesatu yang biasanya digunakan dan diteria umum sebagai alat penukar atau standar pengukuran niali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berdasarkan syarat uang dan pengertian menurut ensiklopedi Indonesia, dapat disimpulkan bahwa uang adalah suatu benda yang mempunyai ciri-ciri tertentu yang dapat mempermudah pertukaran dan berfungsi sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pengertian Yang Dimaksud adalah bahwa keberadaan uang tersebut dijamin oleh pemerintah dan dilindungi oleh undang-undang negara.<br /><b>3. Motif Masyarakat Membutuhkan Uang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Motif transaksi, dalam memenuhi kebutuhanya manusia meerlukan uang untuk mendapat barang yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Motif berjaga-jaga, bagi yang berpenghasilan lebih sebagian pendapatannya disisihkan untuk disimpan/ditabung, guna keperluan yang akan datang atau untuk keperluan yang mendesak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Motif spekulasi, ini terjadi karena seseorang ingin mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih besar dalam situasi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Fungsi Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Fungsi Asli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Sebagai alat tukar menukar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Sebagai alat satuan hitung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Fungsi Turunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Sebagai alat pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Sebagai alat penunjuk harga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Sebagai alat penyimpan/menabung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Sebagai alat pendorong kegiatan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Sebagai alat pemindah dan pembentuk kekayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Sebagai alat pencipta lapangan pekerjaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7. Sebagai alat standar pembayaran hutang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">8. Sebagai komoditas perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Jenis Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Uang kartal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Uang kartal adalah uang yang beredar sehari-hari sebagai alat pembayaran yang syah dan wajib diterima oleh semua masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Uang kartal terdiri dari uang logam (emas, perak, alumunium) dan uang kertas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Uang giral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Uang giral adalah uang yang berbentuk saldo rekening di bank milik nasabah, yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran. Cara pembayaran dapat menggunakan cek, giro, telegraphic transfer, travel chek (cek dengan perjanjian), dalam melakuakn pembayaran dengan uang giral ini seseorang boleh menolak. Syarat utama uang giral adalah seseorang harus mempunyai tabungan/simpanan di bank.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Nilai Uang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Ditinjau dari pembuatanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Nilai intrinsik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nilai intrinsik adalah nilai uang berdasarkan bahan-bahan pembuatan uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Nilai nominal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nilai nominal adalah nilai yang tertera/tertuis pada setiap mata uang yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dari kedua pengertian nilai uang tersebut diatas munculah istilah-istilah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø Fisudier money yaitu uang yang memiliki nilai nominal lebih besar dari nilai intrinsiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Contoh : jenis uang kertas, maka uang kertas disebut juga uang kepercayaan (fiduciary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Alasan mengapa masyarakat mau menerima kertas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Pemerintah mau menerima dan menggunakanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Memiliki daya beli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Dilindungi dengan undang-undang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø Full bodied money, yaitu uang yang memiliki nominal sama dengan intrinsiknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Contoh : jenis uang logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Ditinjau dari penggunaannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Nilai internal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nilai internal uang adalah kemampuan suatu uang apabila ditukarkan dengan sejumlah barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Nilai eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nilai eksternal uang adalah perbandingan nilai mata uang dalam negeri dengan nilai mata uang negara lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7. Fluktuasi Nilai Mata Uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Inflansi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Inflansi adalah keadaan dimana nilai mata uang merosot dibandingkan dengan harga barang karena banyaknya uang yang beredar sehingga berakibat harga barang menjadi mahal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ciri-cirinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Harga barang naik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Gaji atau upah naik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Jumlah uang yang beredar bertambah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Penawaran tenaga kerja melebihi permintaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Banyak terjadi pengangguran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Susah mencari lapangan pekerjaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Deflasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Deflasi yaitu merosotnya harga barang karena terjadi peningkatan nilai mata uang atau menguatnya nilai mata uang dalam negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Hal-hal yang menyebabkan deflasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Uang yang beredar sedikit/kurang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Harga barang mengalami penurunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Nilai mata uang dalam negeri menguat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Devaluasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Devaluasi adalah dengan sengaja menurunkan nilai mata uang sendiri terhadap valuta asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Apresiasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Apresiasi adalah keadaan meningkatnya nilai mata uang dalam negeri sampai pada presentase yang ditetapkan dari semula tanpa disengaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Depresiasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Depresiasi adalah merosotnya mata uang di dalam negeri secara tidak sengaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">f. Hot money<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Hot money adalah suatu negara terlalu banyak uang (modal) tetapi uang tersebut berada di suatu negara yang tidak produktif, maka perlu ke negara lain yang lebih menguntungkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">8. Nilai Tukar Mata Uang Asing terhadap Mata Uang Dalam Negeri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Nilai tukar mata uang suatu negara dibandingkan dengan nilai mata uang negara lain disebut kurs. Sejak adanya gerakan reformasi nilai mata uang Indonesia mengalami fluktuasi yang sangat tajam. Sebelum tahun 1998 nilai mata uang Indonesia berkisar 1$ = Rp. 2.500,- sekarang ini berkisar + 1$ = Rp. 9.000,- (sudah dipatok dalam APBN). Hal ini disebabkan karena :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Inflansi yang tajam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Devaluasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Keadaan politik yang tidak stabil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berikut adalah beberapa contoh nama mata uang asing negara-negara di dunia :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">NAMA NEGARA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">MATA UANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">NAMA NEGARA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">MATA UANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Aljazair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dinar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jerman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Deuts Mark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Argentina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Peso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jepang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Yen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Amerika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">US Dollar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Korea Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Won<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Arab Saudi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Riyal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kamboja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Real<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Belanda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Golden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ringgit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Cruzeiro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.1pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Portugal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Escudo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fhilifina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Peso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Prancis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Franch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Inggris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Poundsterling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Singapura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dollar Sin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Italia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Lira<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Bath<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Rupe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Uni Eropa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">EURO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">BANK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Sejarah Singkat Bank<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pada zaman Babylonia, Yunani Romawi awalnya bersifat trukar-menukar mata uang. Zaman Babylonia (2000 SM) bank dikenal dengan nama Temples of Babylion, zaman Yunani (500 SM) bank dikenal dengan nama Greek Temple, perkembangan pesat dimulai sejak zaman Romawi. Jenis mata uang yang pertama kali diakui sebagai mata uang internasianal adalah mata uang Konstantinopel (Romawi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> Perkembangan bank di Indonesia, dimulai dari zaman Belanda (Nederland Indie), pada masa itu ada tiga bank yang berperan penting adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. De Javasche Bank NV, yang kemudian dinasionalisasikan menjadi Bank Sentral di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. De algemene Volkscredietbank, pada masa Jepang diganti dengan nama Syonim Ginko dan sekarang menjadi Bank Rakyat Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. De Postpaarbank, pada tahun 1950 diganti menjadi Bank Tabungan Pos, dan tahun 1968 diganti menjadi Bank Tabungan Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perkembangan bank setelah kemerdekaan sungguh luar biasa mencapai ratusan bank pada zaman Orde Baru banyak bank yang tidak sehat, sehingga pada pergerakan reformasi sudah ratusan bank yang dilikuidasi (ditutup karena tidak mampu memenuhi kewajiban-kewajiban perbankan), yang menangani bank-bank yang tidak sehat adalah BPPN (Badan Penyehatan Perbankan Nasional).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Pengertian Bank<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurun UU No. 10 Tahun 1998 Bank adalah badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan menyalurkan kredit dan atau bentuk-bentuk lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fungsi utama bank :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Sebagai penghimpun dana dari masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurut UU No. 10 tahun 1998 simpanan adalah dana yang dipercayakan masyarakat pada bank berdasarkan perjanjian penyimpanan dana dalam bentuk giro, deposito, sertifikat deposito, tabungan dan atau bentuk lainnya yang dipersamakan dengan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Sebagai penyalur dana/memberi kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Agar uang yang disimpan di Bank tidak macet maka perlu disalurkan pada masyarakat dalam pinjaman berjangka (kredit), disisi lain untuk menjaga keseimbangan dan kesetabilan nilai rupiah melalui peredaran uang. Menurut UU No. 10 tahun 1998, kredit adalah penyediaan yang atau tagihan yang dapat dipersamakan dengan itu berdasarkan persetujuan yang diwajibka pihak peminjam untuk melunasi hutangnya setelah jangka waktu tertentu dengan pemberian bunga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fungsi umum bank :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Menerima simpanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Memberikan kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Tempat pertukaran uang asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Ikut serta mengatur peredaran uang asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Menjaga kestabilan nilai uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Asas perbankan di Indonesia dalam melaksanakan kegiatan berdasarkan demokrasi ekonomi dengan menggunakan prinsip kehati-hatian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Jenis Bank<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Bank sentral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Saat ini bank sentral secara khusus yaitu dengan UU No.23 Tahun 1999. Bank sentral di Indonesia adalah Bank Indonesia (BI), menurut UU No. 23 Tahun 1999, bank sentral mempunyai status tersendiri dan tidak dapat dipersamakan dengan bentuk bank lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berdasarkan UU tersebut Bank Indonesia mempunyai tugas pokok mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah, hal ini diwujudkan dalam kebijakan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijaksanaan moneter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Mengatur dan mengawasi bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dari ketiga kebijakan tersebut, usaha-usaha yang dilakukan BI adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan moneter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Menetapkan sasaran moneter dengan memperhatikan sasaran moneter yang ditetapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Menetapkan pengendalian moneter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Lender if the last resort<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Melaksanakan kebijaksanaan nila tukar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Mengadakan survey guna memperoleh data ekonomi dan keuangan secara tepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Mengatur dan menyelenggarakan kliring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Mengeluarkan dan mengedarkan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Mengatur dan mengawasi bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Perizinan bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Kelembagaan bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Kegiatan bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Kegiatan bank yang berprinsip syariah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Merger, konsulidasi dan akusisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Bank umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurut UU No. 10 Tahun 1998, bank umum adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip syariah yang kegiatanya memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran. Dalam pengertian di atas adad dua hal yang perlu diperhatikan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Usaha serta konvensional, dalam hal ini yang dimaksud adalah usaha bank umum menerima simpanan dalam bentuk giro, deposito serta memberikan kredit dalam jangka pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Prinsip syariah adalah aturan perjanjian berdasarkan hukum islam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip bagi hasil (mudharabah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Pembiayaan berdasarkan penyertaan modal (musharakat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Prinsip jual beli barang dengan memperoleh keuntungan (murabahah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Pembiayaan barang modal berdasarkan prinsip sewa murni tanpa pilihan (ijarah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fungsi bank umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menyediakan mekanisme dan alat pembayaran yang efisien dalam kegiatan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Menciptakan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Menghimpun dana dan menyalurkan pada masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Menawarkan jasa-jasa keuangan lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Usaha bank umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurut UU No. 10 Tahun 1998 usaha bank umum antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menghimpun dana dari masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Memberikan kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Menertibkan surat pengakuan hutang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Membeli, menjual, atau menjamin atas resiko sendiri maupun untuk kepentingan dan atas perintah nasabahnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Menerima atau antar pihak ketiga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Menyediakan tempat untuk penyimpanan barang dan surat berharga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7. Melakukan kegiatan penitipan untuk pihak lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">8. Dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis bank umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Bank umum milik pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Bank umum milik swasta nasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Bank umum milik swasta asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Bank perkreditan rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">BPR adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional atau berdasarkan prinsip syariah. Kegiatan BPR tidak boleh memberikan jasa lalu lintas pembayaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Usaha BPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menghimpun dana dari masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Memberikan kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Menyediakan pembiayaan dan menetapkan dana berdasarkan prinsip syariah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Menetapkan dana dalam bentuk sertifikat Bank Indonesia dan atau tabungan pada bak lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kegiatan yang tidak boleh dilakuakn BPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Menerima simpanan dalam bentuk giro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Ikut serta dalam lalu lintas pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Melakukan kegiatan usaha dalam valuta asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Melakukan kegiatan perasuransian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Produk Bank<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Bank sentral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Uang kartal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Uang giral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Jasa (memberikan kredit pada bank-bank di Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Bank umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Uang giral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Jasa simpanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Jasa pengiriman uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Jasa penukaran uang asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Jasa penitipan barang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Bank perkreditan rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Jasa kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Jasa penyimpanan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Tabungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tabungan adalah pendapat yang tidak dikonsumsikan sekarang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tabungan = pendapatan – konsumsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis-jenis tabungan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Tabungan perseorangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Tabungan perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Tabungan pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Tabungan masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tabungan masyarakat merupakan penjumlahan tabungan perseorangan dengan tabungan perusahaan yang berasal dari laba yang tidak dibagikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Sebagai salah satu sumber dana pembangunan Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Mengurangi pinjaman luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BUKAN BANK (LKBB)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Menurun UU No. 9 Tahun 1998, Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB) merupakan badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan dibidang keuangan, yang menghimpun dana dengan mengeluarkan kertas berharga dan menyalurkannya untuk membayar investasi perusahaan. Semua kegiatan LKBB diatur dalam UU No. 10 Tahun 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> Pada tahun 1970 mulai penataan dan pengembangan pasar uang dan modal, salah satu cara adalah mendirikan Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB), yang bertujuan untuk memperlancar kegiatan LKBB di pasar uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> Jadi Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank adalah lembaga yang melakukan kegiatan dalam bidang keuangan, yang langsung atau tidak langsung menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dan menyalurkan pada masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> Lembaga ini aktivitasnya antara lain menarik uang dari masyarakat dan kemudian menyalurkannya kepada masyarakat yang membutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Yang termasuk LKBB adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Koperasi simpan pinjam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">yaitu koperasi yang menggalakan para anggotanya untuk hidup hemat denga cara menabung disamping memberikan pinjaman bagi para anggotanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Perum pegadaian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Merupakan lembaga keuangan yang lapangan usahanya memberikan pinjaman kepada perorangan yang besarnya bergantung pada nilai barang jaminan yang diserahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tujuan perum pegadaian adalah untuk mencegah perorangan/masyarakat berekonomi lemah jatuh kepada lintah darat atau kreditor liar, dalam meminjam uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Perasuransian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perusahaan asuransi adalah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang jasa pertanggungan resiko. misalnya : perusahaan asuransi jiwa, asuransi tenaga kerja, asuransi kerusgian, asuransi kredit dll. Perasuransian berfungsi sebagai lembaga yang memberi jasa pertanggungan kepada orang yang mempertanggungkan dirinya dengan memperoleh imbalan berupa bunga premi. Perusahaan asuransi sumber dananya dari pembayaran polis asuransi para nasabahnya dan pembelian surat-surat berharga. Polis adalah perjanjian antara perusahaan asuransi selaku pihak penanggung dengan pihak tertanggung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Dana pensiun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dana pensiun adalah dana yang disediakan oleh pemerintah bagi para pegawai negeri, atau yang disediakan oleh perusahaan bagi para karyawan (misalnya CV, dan PT) sebagai cadangan untuk dihari tua bagi karyawannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dana pensiun terkumpul lewat pemotongan gaji karyawan/pegawai setiap bulan saat masih aktif bekerja. Lembaga yang mengelola dana pension adalah PT Taspen/Persero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Lembaga Pembiayaan (Leasing)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perusahaan sewa guna usaha atau leasing adalah badan usaha yang kegiatannya menyewakan barang modal sekaligus menjual secara kredit barang tersebut kepada suatu perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Sewa beli adalah membeli secara mengangsur dan sebelum terbayar lunas dianggap sebagai menyewa barang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jadi leasing kegiatan usahanya bergerak dibidang pembiayaan untuk keperluan barang modal yang diinginkan oleh nasabah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kegiatan badan usaha ini antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Memberikan kredit jangka menengah dan jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Contoh : PT Private Development Company of Indonesia Limited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> PT Pembinaan Usaha Indonesia (Bahana)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sewa gudang (Leasing)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Modal venlana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Adalah kegiatan usaha jangka panjang dalam bentuk penyertaan modal ke dalam suatu perusahaan yang menerima bantuan pembiayaan untuk jangka waktu tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Anjak piutang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Kartu kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Pasar Modal/Valas (Bursa Efek)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Bursa efek merupakan tempat jual beli surat berharga jangka panjang misalnya saham dan obligasi. Saham adalah surat penyertaan modal atau surat tanda bukti ikut memiliki perusahaan. Obligasi adalah surat utang jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">7. Pasar Uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pasar uang adalah tempat jual beli surat berharga jangka pendek yaitu waktunya tidak lebih dari satu tahun. Misalnya : sertifikat Bank Indonesia (SBI), surat berharga pasar uang, dan call money. Penjual dan pembeli surat berharga tersebut tidak di dalam pasar tertentu, akan tetapi melalui melalui sarana elektronika seperti telepon, facsimile, atau teleks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">8. Anjak Piutang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kegiatan utama anjak piutang adalah mengambil alih (piutang tertentu) suatu perusahaan dengan suatu tanggung jawab tertentu, tergantung kesepakatan dengan pihak kreditur (pihak yang punya hutang).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tugas pokok perusahaan anjak piutang adalah menagih hutang (collector) dari orang-orang yang mempunyai utang kepada lembaga yang menyuruhnya atau dengan membeli kredit bermasalah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">9. Modal ventura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perusahaan modal ventura merupakan perusahaan yang memberikan pembiayaan kepada perusahaan-perusahaan yang usahanya mengandung resiko tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Pembangunan suatu objek penelitian. Proyek ini bersifat social<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Penciptaan suatu teknologi baru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Pembiayaan terhadap usaha kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Fungsi dan peranan Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Memberikan pinjaman sindikasi (Syndicated Loans) dalam jumlah besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai penjamin emisi bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang ingin memanfaatkan dan masyarakat melalui pasar modal (go public)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai konsultan ahli dalam rangka marger, akuasisi (pengambil alihan) maupun restrukturisasi permodal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai perantara bagi para investor asing yang berminat berkerja sama dengan partner lokasi atau sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Jenis Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB) lainnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis lembaga ini antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Usaha pemberian kredit pembelian rumah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Bank desa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Adalah lembaga kegiatan utamanya menerima simpanan dan memberikan pinjaman kepada masyarakat desa bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Lembaga kredit perorangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Yaitu lembaga yang menjalankan usaha pemberian kredit dalam bentuk uang maupun bentuk lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Lembaga perantara penertiban dan perdagangan surat-surat berharga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Kegiatan usahanya antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Peminjaman emisi efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Perantara perdagangan efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Manager investasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Penasehat investasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Pengertian Perdagangan Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perdagangan adalah usaha menyampaikan barang dari produsen pada konsumen melalui jual beli dengan tujuan memperoleh laba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fungsi pokok perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Mengumpulkan dana dan mendistribusikan barang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Menyortir dan member derajat mut barang yang dijual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Menimbun dan menyimpan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Media promosi barang yang diperdagangkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Memperlancar kegiatan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dari perngertian di atas bahwa perdagangan antar Negara menyangkut jual beli barang antar Negara/menyangkut ekspor impor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perdagangan antar Negara adalah suatu kegiatan jual beli barang/jasa antara Negara yang satu dengan Negara yang lain yang saling membutuhkan dan menguntungkan. Di Indonesia sendiri perdagangan antar Negara sudah ada sejak jaman Sriwijaya yang perdagangannya sampai ke India dan Tiongkok (Cina). Untuk tingkat perkembangan internasional, perdagangan maju pesat sejak Colombus menemukan benua Amerika dan Vasco Dae Gamma sampai ke India. Bangsa Eropa dan Amerika pada jaman dahulu ke wilayah Asia Tenggara terutama untuk mencari rempah-rempah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Timbulnya Perdagangan Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Untuk memenuhi segala yang dibutuhkan rakyat dan pemerintahnya, Negara tersebut harus mengadakan hubungan ekonomi dengan lain. Maka timbullah hubungan ekonomi antar Negara atau hubungan ekonomi internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Faktor yang mempengaruhi hubungan antar Negara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Iklim dan keadaan tanah, hal ini menyebabkan sumber alam dan hasilnya yang berbeda-beda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Kebudayaan Negara yang berbeda-beda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Dari keempat faktor tersebut dapat dijabarkan bahwa perdagangan antar Negara disebabkan karena :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Tidak setiap Negara mampu memenuhi kebutuhan sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Tidak setiap Negara mampu memproduksi sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Adanya kelebvihan hasil produksi suatu Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Adanya kemampuan SDM yang berbeda, hingga mempengaruhi teknologi yang dikuasai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Kemampuan modal yang dimiliki berbeda-beda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Ada suatu Negara yang kekurangan hasil produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Manfaat Perdagangan Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Secara ekonomis, tujuan perdagangan luar negeri adalah untuk memperoleh keuntungan. Cara yang dilaksanakan adalah mengekspor dan mengimpor barang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Mengekspor barang-barang yang dapat diproduksi di dalam negeri dengan cara yang efisien, dengan biaya yang murah tetapi dengan mutu yang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Mengimpor barang-barang yang dibutuhkan dengan kualitas baik, tetapi dngan harga yang lebih murah daripada kalau diproduksi sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Manfaat perdagangan antar Negara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Kebutuhan setiap Negara terpenuhi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Negara pengekspor memperoleh keuntungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Setiap Negara dapat mengadakan specialisasi produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Dapat mendorong produksi secara besar-besaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Meningkatkan hubungan persahabatan antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">f. Dapat mendorong kemajuan IPTEK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Hambatan Perdagangan Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Adanya perbedaan mata uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Pembayaran antar Negara beresiko besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Kebijaksanaan impor yang dilakukan suatu Negara (kouta, proteksi, tarif, dsb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Perang dan resensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Adanya persamaan barang ekspor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">f. Organisasi ekonomi regional lebih mementingkan kelompok anggotanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">g. Proses ekspor memerlukan waktu lama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">h. Negara agraris sulit mengembangkan perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">i. Perekonomian Negara berkembang terdesak Negara maju<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Untuk Negara Indonesia saat ini yang menjadi hambatan perdagangan internasional antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø Nilai rupiah yang kurang stabil, menimbulkan keragua-raguan ekspor impor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø LC (Letter of Credit = lembaga penjamin ekspor impor) kurang mendapat kepercayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø Stabilitas politik labil, sehingga investor enggan menanam modal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ø Cadangan devisa menipis, yang menyebabkan kesulitan melakukan perdagangan internasional dan sebagian untuik membayar hutang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Perbedaan Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Pewrdagangan Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Perbedaan yang paling mendasar adalah perbedaan alat pembayaran dan cara pembayarannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Letak Perbedaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dalam Negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Luar Negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Alat pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis uang sama sehingga tidak mengalami kesulitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jenis mata uang berbeda sehingga harus menggunakan kurs mata uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Cara pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dapat dibayarkan secara langsung karena tinggal dalam satu negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tidak dapat dilakukan secara langsung, maka cara yang digunakan adalah, wasel dagang, clearing internasional, telegraphic transfer, kompensasi pribadi, menggunakan LC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Komodity Ekspor dan Impor Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Barang-barang ekspor meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Hasil tambang : minyak bumi, gas alam, batu bara, besi, baja, alumunium, dan tembaga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Hasil hutan : industry kayu gergajian, kayu lapis, mebel dan rotan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Hasil kebun : the, karet, coklat, kina dan tembakau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Hasil pertanian : sayuran dan buah-buahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Hasil industry : tekstil, kain tenun, pakaian jadi dan sepatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Barang-barang impor meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Hasil industri : kendaraan bermotor, mobil, perahu, mesin, traktor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Hasil pertanian : gandum, beras dan buah-buahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Hasil perkebunan : yute dan gula tebus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">ALAT PEMBAYARAN ANTAR NEGARA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Dalam perdagangan antar Negara pembayaran tidak dapat dilakuakan secara langsung, karena perbedaan tempat tinggal dan perbedaan mata uang, sehingga diperlukan kesepakatan jenis alat pembayarannya atau mengacu pada jenis alat pembayaran yang berlaku secara internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Alat pembayaran yang digunakan secaracinternasional adalah devisa, sedangkam jenis mata uang yang digunakan sebagai patokan/standar mata uang adalah $US (dollar Amerika).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Alat Pembayaran Antar Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Devisa adalah alat pembayaran internasional/luar negeri yang sah, sehingga bagi Negara yang terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional harus mengakui adanya perbedaan jenis mata uang masing-masing Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Wujud devisa antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Emas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Uang asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Wasel asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Tagihan luar negeri (piutang luar negeri)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Fungsi devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Semakin besar suatu Negara mempunyai devisa, semakin mudah pula melakuakan perdagangan antar Negara. Syarat utama suatu Negara dapat memiliki devisa adalah harus melakukan ekspor dan impor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fungsi devisa :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai alat pembayaran luar negeri yang sah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai alat untuk mengetahui tingkat kemakmuran suatu Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Sebagai alat untuk mengatasi kesulitan ekonomi negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">c. Sumber perolehan devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Ekspor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ekspor merupakan sumber utaa devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Penyelenggaraan jasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Misalnya bandara untuk pesawat asing, menyewakan gudang dipelabuhan untuk menyimpan barang ekspor impor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Pariwisata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Wisatawan dari mancanegara yang dating ke Indonesia akan mendatangkan devisa karena mereka akan menukarkan mata uang asing ke Rupiah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Hadiah dan bantuan dari luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Bantuan luar negeri maupun hadiah dapat menambah besarnya devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">5. Pinjaman luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Pinjaman merupakan tambahan devisa, biasanya pinjaman dipergunakan untuk membayar barang impor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">6. Kiriman uang asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Orang-orang Indonesia yang bekerja di Luar negeri, yang mengirimkan uang ke Indonesia merupakan tambahan devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">d. Faktor-faktor yang mengurangi devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Devisa neraca pembayaran, disini pengeluaran pemerintah lebih besar daripada penerimanya (impor lebih besar dari ekspornya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Menurunya surplus neraca pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Adanya apresiasi mata uang yang kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">e. Tujuan penggunaan devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Membayar impor barang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Memperoleh jasa dari luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Membiayai pelajar-pelajar yang sekolah di luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Membiayai kedutaan dan konsulat di luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Membiayai perjalanan dinas dan kunjungan resmi pejabat pemerintah ke luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Membiayai misi kesenian dan olah raga ke luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Neraca Perdagangan dan Neraca Pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Neraca perdagangan adalah salah satu daftar perbandingan jumlah ekspor dengan jumlah suatu Negara dalam waktu satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Neraca perdagangan adalah suatu daftar perbandingan jumlah pengeluaran dan jumlah pemasukan suatu Negara dalam waktu satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Biro Lalu Lintas Devisa (BLLD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Sebelumnya lembaga ini, disebut Lembaga Alat Pembayaran Luar Negeri (LAAPLN) yang bertugas mengawasi devisa di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Tugas-tugas BLLD adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Berusaha menambah pemasukan devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Mengawasi penggunaan devisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Kebijaksanaan Perdagangan Internasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Adalah segala aktifitas pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk mengatur perdagangan internasional. Beberapa kebijaksanaan dalam negeri pemerintah mengambil kebijaksanaan antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a. Di bidang Impor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Pengenaan tarif impor, dengan tujuan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Untuk melindungi produksi dalam negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Untuk meningkatkan sumber pendapatan Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">· Untuk menjaga stabilitas neraca pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Quota (pembatasan impor), yaitu penjatahan impor dengan menentukan barang yang boleh diimpor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Pelarangan impor (embago), yaitu larangan impor terhadap beberapa barang tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Pengendalian devisa, yaitu kebijaksanaan pemerintah untuk menguasai devisa agar dapat mengendalikan dan mengawasi penggunaan devisa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">b. Di bidang ekspor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. Subsidi ekspor, bertujuan untukmeningkatkan ekspor untuk barang-barang tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. Penyesuaian kurs mata uang asing yaitu mengatur alat-alat pembayaran luar negeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">3. Perjanjian internasional barang ekspor yaitu perjanjian yang diadakan Negara pengekspor barang yang sama dengan tujuan menghilangkan sikap persaingan dan memperkuat kedaulatan di pasaran internasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">4. Pembatasan ekspor yaitu kebijaksanaan pembatasan ekspor untuk barang-barang tertentu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri.<br />hihihi semoga Bermanfa'at bagi para Pembaca<br />Secara saya Copy Paste dari Blog Guru IPS saya yaitu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-35531854482190087412013-02-07T18:42:00.001-08:002013-02-07T18:42:23.374-08:00Peristiwa Yang Mengiringi Proklamasi<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">17 Agustus 2009, 64 tahun sudah bangsa ini merdeka.
Tidak ada salahnya kita kenang kembali peristiwa yg mengiringi proklamasi
kemerdekaan Indonesia. Biar nggak pada lupa sama sejarah bangsanya sendiri.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
6 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Sebuah bom atom dijatuhkan di atas kota Hiroshima di Jepang, oleh Amerika
Serikat.<br />
<br />
7 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
BPUPKI berganti nama menjadi PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia).<br />
<br />
9 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Bom atom kedua dijatuhkan di atas Nagasaki dan akhirnya menyebabkan Jepang
menyerah kepada Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya. Momen ini pun dimanfaatkan oleh
Indonesia untuk memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya.<br />
<br />
Soekarno, Hatta selaku pimpinan PPKI dan Radjiman Wedyodiningrat sebagai mantan
ketua BPUPKI diterbangkan ke Dalat, 250 km di sebelah timur laut Saigon,
Vietnam untuk bertemu Marsekal Terauchi. Mereka dikabarkan bahwa pasukan Jepang
sedang di ambang kekalahan dan akan memberikan kemerdekaan kepada Indonesia.<br />
<br />
10 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Sementara itu, di Indonesia, Sutan Syahrir telah mendengar berita lewat radio
bahwa Jepang telah menyerah kepada Sekutu. Para pejuang bawah tanah
bersiap-siap memproklamasikan kemerdekaan RI, dan menolak bentuk kemerdekaan
yang diberikan sebagai hadiah Jepang. Syahrir memberitahu penyair Chairil Anwar
tentang dijatuhkannya bom atom di Nagasaki dan bahwa Jepang telah menerima
ultimatum dari Sekutu untuk menyerah. Syahrir mengetahui hal itu melalui siaran
radio luar negeri, yang ketika itu terlarang. Berita ini kemudian tersebar di
lingkungan para pemuda terutama para pendukung Syahrir.<br />
<br />
12 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Jepang melalui Marsekal Terauchi di Dalat, Vietnam, mengatakan kepada Soekarno,
Hatta dan Radjiman bahwa pemerintah Jepang akan segera memberikan kemerdekaan
kepada Indonesia dan proklamasi kemerdekaan dapat dilaksanakan dalam beberapa
hari, tergantung cara kerja PPKI.Meskipun demikian Jepang menginginkan
kemerdekaan Indonesia pada tanggal 24 Agustus.<br />
<br />
14 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Saat Soekarno, Hatta dan Radjiman kembali ke tanah air dari Dalat, Syahrir
mendesak agar Soekarno segera memproklamasikan kemerdekaan karena menganggap
hasil pertemuan di Dalat sebagai tipu muslihat Jepang, karena Jepang setiap
saat sudah harus menyerah kepada Sekutu dan demi menghindari perpecahan dalam
kubu nasionalis, antara yang anti dan pro Jepang. Hatta menceritakan kepada
Syahrir tentang hasil pertemuan di Dalat.<br />
<br />
Sementara itu Syahrir menyiapkan pengikutnya yang bakal berdemonstrasi dan
bahkan mungkin harus siap menghadapi bala tentara Jepang dalam hal mereka akan
menggunakan kekerasan. Syahrir telah menyusun teks proklamasi dan telah dikirimkan
ke seluruh Jawa untuk dicetak dan dibagi-bagikan.<br />
<br />
Soekarno belum yakin bahwa Jepang memang telah menyerah, dan proklamasi
kemerdekaan RI saat itu dapat menimbulkan pertumpahan darah yang besar, dan
dapat berakibat sangat fatal jika para pejuang Indonesia belum siap. Soekarno
mengingatkan Hatta bahwa Syahrir tidak berhak memproklamasikan kemerdekaan
karena itu adalah hak Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Sementara
itu Syahrir menganggap PPKI adalah badan buatan Jepang dan proklamasi kemerdekaan
oleh PPKI hanya merupakan ‘hadiah’ dari Jepang.<br />
15 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Jepang menyerah kepada Sekutu. Tentara dan Angkatan Laut Jepang masih berkuasa
di Indonesia karena Jepang telah berjanji akan mengembalikan kekuasaan di
Indonesia ke tangan Belanda. Sutan Sjahrir, salah satu tokoh pemuda mendengar
kabar ini melalui radio BBC. Setelah mendengar desas-desus Jepang bakal
bertekuk lutut, golongan muda mendesak golongan tua untuk segera
memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Namun golongan tua tidak ingin terburu-buru.
Mereka tidak menginginkan terjadinya pertumpahan darah pada saat proklamasi.
Konsultasi pun dilakukan dalam bentuk rapat PPKI. Golongan muda tidak
menyetujui rapat itu, mengingat PPKI adalah sebuah badan yang dibentuk oleh
Jepang. Mereka menginginkan kemerdekaan atas usaha bangsa kita sendiri, bukan
pemberian Jepang.<br />
<br />
Soekarno dan Hatta mendatangi penguasa militer Jepang (Gunsei) untuk memperoleh
konfirmasi di kantornya di Koningsplein (Medan Merdeka). Tapi kantor tersebut
kosong.<br />
<br />
Soekarno dan Hatta bersama Soebardjo kemudian ke kantor Bukanfu, Laksamana
Maeda, di Jalan Imam Bonjol. Maeda menyambut kedatangan mereka dengan ucapan
selamat atas keberhasilan mereka di Dalat. Sambil menjawab ia belum menerima
konfirmasi serta masih menunggu instruksi dari Tokyo. Sepulang dari Maeda,
Soekarno dan Hatta segera mempersiapkan pertemuan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan
Indonesia (PPKI) pada pukul 10 malam 16 Agustus keesokan harinya di kantor
Jalan Pejambon No 2 guna membicarakan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan
UUD yang sehari sebelumnya telah disiapkan Hatta.<br />
<br />
16 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Gejolak tekanan yang menghendaki pengambilalihan kekuasaan oleh Indonesia makin
memuncak dilancarkan para pengikut Syahrir. Rapat PPKI pada 16 Agustus pukul 10
pagi tidak dilaksanakan karena Soekarno dan Hatta tidak muncul. Peserta rapat
tidak tahu telah terjadi peristiwa Rengasdengklok.<br />
Peristiwa Rengasdengklok<br />
<br />
Artikel utama: peristiwa RengasdengklokPara pemuda pejuang, termasuk Chaerul
Saleh, yang tergabung dalam gerakan bawah tanah kehilangan kesabaran, dan pada
dini hari tanggal 16 Agustus 1945. Bersama Shodanco Singgih, salah seorang
anggota PETA, dan pemuda lain, mereka menculik Soekarno (bersama Fatmawati dan
Guntur yang baru berusia 9 bulan) dan Hatta, dan membawanya ke Rengasdengklok,
yang kemudian terkenal sebagai peristiwa Rengasdengklok. Tujuannya adalah agar
Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta tidak terpengaruh oleh Jepang. Di sini, mereka
kembali meyakinkan Soekarno bahwa Jepang telah menyerah dan para pejuang telah siap
untuk melawan Jepang, apa pun risikonya.<br />
<br />
Di Jakarta, golongan muda, Wikana, dan golongan tua, yaitu Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo
melakukan perundingan. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo menyetujui untuk memproklamasikan
kemerdekaan Indonesia di Jakarta. maka diutuslah Yusuf Kunto untuk mengantar
Ahmad Soebardjo ke Rengasdengklok. Mereka menjemput Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh.
Hatta kembali ke Jakarta. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo berhasil meyakinkan para pemuda
untuk tidak terburu - buru memproklamasikan kemerdekaan. Setelah tiba di Jakarta,
mereka langsung menuju ke rumah Laksamana Maeda di Jl. Imam Bonjol No. 1
(sekarang gedung perpustakaan Nasional-Depdiknas) yang diperkirakan aman dari
Jepang. Sekitar 15 pemuda menuntut Soekarno segera memproklamasikan kemerdekaan
melalui radio, disusul pengambilalihan kekuasaan. Mereka juga menolak rencana
PPKI untuk memproklamasikan kemerdekaan pada 16 Agustus.<br />
Pertemuan Soekarno/Hatta dengan Jenderal Yamamoto dan Laksamana Maeda<br />
<br />
Malam harinya, Soekarno dan Hatta kembali ke Jakarta, bertemu dengan Letnan
Jenderal Moichiro Yamamoto, komandan Angkatan Darat pemerintahan militer Jepang
(Gunseikan) di Hindia Belanda dengan sepengetahuan Mayor Jenderal Otoshi
Nishimura, Kepala Departemen Urusan Umum pemerintahan militer Jepang. Dari
komunikasi antara Hatta dan tangan kanan komandan Jepang di Jawa ini, Soekarno
dan Hatta menjadi yakin bahwa Jepang telah menyerah kepada Sekutu, dan tidak
memiliki wewenang lagi untuk memberikan kemerdekaan.<br />
<br />
Setelah itu mereka bermalam di kediaman Laksamana Maeda (kini Jalan Imam Bonjol
No.1) untuk melakukan rapat untuk menyiapkan teks Proklamasi. Rapat dihadiri
oleh Soekarno, M. Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo, Soekarni dan Sajuti Melik. Setelah
konsep selesai disepakati, Sajuti menyalin dan mengetik naskah tersebut. Pada
awalnya pembacaan proklamasi akan dilakukan di Lapangan Ikada namun berhubung
alasan keamanan dipindahkan ke kediaman Soekarno, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56.<br />
<br />
Sebelumnya para pemuda mengusulkan agar naskah proklamasi menyatakan semua
aparat pemerintahan harus dikuasai oleh rakyat dari pihak asing yang masih
menguasainya. Tetapi mayoritas anggota PPKI menolaknya dan disetujuilah naskah
proklamasi seperti adanya hingga sekarang.<br />
<br />
Para pemuda juga menuntut enam pemuda turut menandatangani proklamasi bersama
Soekarno dan Hatta dan bukan para anggota PPKI. Para pemuda menganggap PPKI
mewakili Jepang. Kompromi pun terwujud dengan membubuhkan anak kalimat ”atas
nama Bangsa Indonesia” Soekarno-Hatta.<br />
<br />
17 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Detik-detik Pembacaan Naskah Proklamasi<br />
<br />
</span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkbJN6ChPemNlghqkzSCfIKsgclQm3WCaBbPhVbk1Zu8B3Ican_qQ6kZq16SQ2KQsBDWV8lsW_QXItQLH2y5z61Tmf3VgBl1PjWbTMcVHDAIHEM9neNZ7atFd1Ce_F_GgRxcYEAUoqh0lI/s1600-h/proklamasi_indonesia_1.jpg" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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Perundingan antara golongan muda dan golongan tua dalam penyusunan teks
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia berlangsung pukul 02.00 - 04.00 dini hari.
Teks proklamasi ditulis di ruang makan di kediaman Soekarno, Jl. Pegangsaan
Timur 56 Jakarta. Para penyusun teks proklamasi itu adalah Ir. Soekarno, Drs.
Moh. Hatta, dan Mr. Ahmad Soebarjo. Konsep teks proklamasi ditulis oleh Ir.
Soekarno sendiri. Di ruang depan, hadir B.M Diah Sayuti Melik, Sukarni dan
Soediro. Sukarni mengusulkan agar yang menandatangani teks proklamasi itu adalah
Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta atas nama bangsa Indonesia. Teks Proklamasi
Indonesia itu diketik oleh Sayuti melik. Pagi harinya, 17 Agustus 1945, di
kediaman Soekarno, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56 telah hadir antara lain Soewirjo,
Wilopo, Gafar Pringgodigdo, Tabrani dan Trimurti. Acara dimulai pada pukul
10:00 dengan pembacaan proklamasi oleh Soekarno dan disambung pidato singkat
tanpa teks. Kemudian bendera Merah Putih, yang telah dijahit oleh bu Fatmawati,
dikibarkan, disusul dengan sambutan oleh Soewirjo, wakil walikota Jakarta saat
itu dan Moewardi, pimpinan Barisan Pelopor.<br />
<br />
Pada awalnya Trimurti diminta untuk menaikkan bendera namun ia menolak dengan
alasan pengerekan bendera sebaiknya dilakukan oleh seorang prajurit. Oleh sebab
itu ditunjuklah Latief Hendraningrat, seorang prajurit PETA, dibantu oleh
Soehoed untuk tugas tersebut. Seorang pemudi muncul dari belakang membawa
nampan berisi bendera Merah Putih (Sang Saka Merah Putih), yang dijahit oleh
Fatmawati beberapa hari sebelumnya. Setelah bendera berkibar, hadirin
menyanyikan lagu Indonesia Raya.Sampai saat ini, bendera pusaka tersebut masih
disimpan di Museum Tugu Monumen Nasional.<br />
<br />
Setelah upacara selesai berlangsung, kurang lebih 100 orang anggota Barisan
Pelopor yang dipimpin S.Brata datang terburu-buru karena mereka tidak
mengetahui perubahan tempat mendadak dari Ikada ke Pegangsaan. Mereka menuntut
Soekarno mengulang pembacaan Proklamasi, namun ditolak. Akhirnya Hatta
memberikan amanat singkat kepada mereka.<br />
<br />
18 Agustus 1945<br />
<br />
Pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI)
mengambil keputusan, mengesahkan dan menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD)
sebagai dasar negara Republik Indonesia, yang selanjutnya dikenal sebagai UUD
45. Dengan demikian terbentuklah Pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Indonesia yang
berbentuk Republik (NKRI) dengan kedaulatan di tangan rakyat yang dilakukan
sepenuhnya oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang akan dibentuk
kemudian.<br />
<br />
Setelah itu Soekarno dan M.Hatta terpilih secara aklamasi oleh PPKI sebagai
presiden dan wakil presiden Republik Indonesia yang pertama. Presiden dan wakil
presiden akan dibantu oleh sebuah Komite Nasional.<br />
<br />
Isi Teks Proklamasi<br />
<br />
Isi teks proklamasi kemerdekaan yang singkat ini adalah:<br />
<br />
<i>Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan<br />
dengan tjara seksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja.<br />
<br />
Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05<br />
Atas nama bangsa Indonesia.<br />
Soekarno/Hatta</i><br />
<br />
Di sini ditulis tahun 05 karena ini sesuai dengan tahun Jepang yang kala itu
adalah tahun 2605.<br />
<br /><br />
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Teks diatas merupakan hasil ketikan dari Sayuti Melik (atau Sajoeti Melik),
salah<br />
seorang tokoh pemuda yang ikut andil dalam persiapan proklamasi.<br />
<br />
Sementara naskah yang sebenarnya hasil gubahan Muh.Hatta, A.Soebardjo, dan
dibantu oleh<br />
Ir.Soekarno sebagai pencatat. Adapun bunyi teks naskah otentik itu sebagai
berikut:<br />
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>Proklamasi<br />
<br />
Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan<br />
dengan tjara saksama dan dalam tempoh jang sesingkat-singkatnja.<br />
<br />
Djakarta, 17 - 8 - ‘45<br />
Wakil2 bangsa Indonesia.</i><br />
<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-66767387491100277892013-01-23T04:43:00.002-08:002013-01-23T04:43:18.245-08:00Pep Guardiola gantikan posisi Mancini sebagai pelatih Manchester city<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflJgzUjmslrcfGsiCQ5Nr5oe-obM2-aeGYShGyfqiJe7BkSY497gLG-EiqgOFhO8F1u03QYr-E3a4tlv1W9rbbbKt9v3UQe8fE15AjGiT3OjTEnaQJDOAHCjzPrKzD0VU9E3meadcd4X0/s1600/MANCINI1GETTY_2387400b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #999999; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflJgzUjmslrcfGsiCQ5Nr5oe-obM2-aeGYShGyfqiJe7BkSY497gLG-EiqgOFhO8F1u03QYr-E3a4tlv1W9rbbbKt9v3UQe8fE15AjGiT3OjTEnaQJDOAHCjzPrKzD0VU9E3meadcd4X0/s200/MANCINI1GETTY_2387400b.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4JBbD4EBfC0Fhs3SUm9ee841pdFmsjww7ED2SrsPbUsJUmGHL0MELUxpTUDG-pD1-jZlyUKaJ4WXn6It5SGKre5PfzXExTL2vUGphtg6IR2jT2CogjKwAU9yjDdoY-3bZ3b-w3xBKJSq5/s1600/Pep-Guardiola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #999999; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4JBbD4EBfC0Fhs3SUm9ee841pdFmsjww7ED2SrsPbUsJUmGHL0MELUxpTUDG-pD1-jZlyUKaJ4WXn6It5SGKre5PfzXExTL2vUGphtg6IR2jT2CogjKwAU9yjDdoY-3bZ3b-w3xBKJSq5/s200/Pep-Guardiola.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Gencar beredar kabar Pep Guardiola akan kembali ke pinggir lapangan dalam waktu dekat. Isunya, Manchester City akan kembali menjadi klub yang menampungnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Guardiola sebelum juga sempat menyatakan musim ini akan menjadi musim terkahirnya menjalani liburan, setelah meraih sukses besar bersama Barcelona dengan 15 trofi juara. Namun belum diketahui di tim mana Guardiola akan menjalani karirnya, meski banyak disebut tim seperti Chelsea, Manchester United akan menjadi klub berikutnya.<o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Menurut orang terdekatny, mantan pelatih Barcelona itu akan berlabuh di Manchester City.<o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;"> “100% Pep Guardiola akan pergi ke Manchester City di musim panas.” Ungkapnya<o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">“Dan ketika saya mengatakan 100 %, saya tak mengindikasikan hanya 99%, tapi 100%” jelas sumber Spanyol di lansir <i style="margin: 0px;">The Sun</i><o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Jika benar demikian, itu berarti Roberto Mancini akan didepak di akhir musim. </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Mancini yang telah dua kali gagal dalam ajang Liga Champion sepertinya harus bersiap jika kabar tersebut benar adanya. Namun, tidak boleh dilupakan, jasa pelatih asal Italia itu sangat besar bagi Man. City. Bersama Mancini, Man. City berhasil memenangi Premier League ketiga mereka setelah puasa gelar sejak musim 1967/68.<o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px;">Jika benar Guardiola akan menggantikan Mancini, maka pelatih Spanyol itu akan menjadi pelatih termahal di Inggris dengan bayaran 10 juta pounds atau sekitar 155 miliar rupiah.<o:p style="margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-10558631570854692892013-01-13T05:49:00.002-08:002013-01-19T04:33:34.829-08:00Daftar Harga Blackberry 2013<br />
<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 5px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 6px; vertical-align: top;"><tbody style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#006699" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><div align="center" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><u>TIPE BLACKBERRY</u></b></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#006699" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;" width="23%"><div align="center" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><u>BARU</u></b></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#006699" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;" width="22%"><div align="center" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><u>BEKAS</u></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Porsche Design P9981</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">20.000.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold Touch 9900</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">5.300.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">4.500.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Torch 9810</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">4.750.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.600.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold Touch 9930</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">4.450.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.700.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Torch 9860 Monza</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.500.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.700.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold 9790</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">4.050.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.300.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Torch 9850</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.800.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.200.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Torch 9800</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.475.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.850.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold 9780</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.400.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.500.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 9360 Apollo</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.000.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.500.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">4G Playbook HSDPA+</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.000.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 9380</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.800.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.500.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 3G 9300</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.250.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.600.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Style 9670</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.200.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.600.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Pearl 3G 9105</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">2.000.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.500.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 9220</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.900.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 8520</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.550.000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.200.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 8530</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.250.000</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold 9700</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.650.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Pearl 3G 9100</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.600.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Storm 2 9550</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.400.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Storm 2 9520</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.400.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold 9650</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.250.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Tour 9630</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.300.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Bold 9000</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.200.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 8300</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.200.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Storm 9500</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.200.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Curve 8900</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.100.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Storm 9530</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.100.000</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">Javelin 8900</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">-</td><td bgcolor="#D3D1F8" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;">1.100.000</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, 'Myriad Pro', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, 'Myriad Pro', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">Untuk informasi lebih lanjutnya tentang </span><u style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, 'Myriad Pro', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/116227870120796200206/posts/AtVurhjf3Dw" style="color: #1a74ba; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Harga Smartphone Blackbery</a></u><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, 'Myriad Pro', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.383333206176758px;">, kam</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-56075034266708374122013-01-13T03:13:00.000-08:002013-01-13T03:13:39.023-08:00Penemu Tank PertamaMayjen Sir Ernest Swinton Dunlop, adalah seorang penulis militer dan perwira angkatan darat Inggris. Pada bulan November 1914, Swinton menyarankan kepada Sir Maurice, Sekretaris Komite Imperial Pertahanan, bahwa pasukan militer inggris harus didukung senjata yang memadai dan kendaraan lapis baja yang bisa menghancurkan senjata musuh dan bisa melindungi pasukan dari senapan mesin. Akhirnya dibuatlah Tank lapis baja pertama pada tahun 1915 yang memiliki keunggulan : kecepatan tertinggi 4MPH di tanah datar, kemampuan berbelok tajam pada kecepatan tinggi, dapat membalik, dapat memanjat tembok pembatas setinggi 5 kaki, melintasi celah selebar 8 kaki, dapat menampung sepuluh awak, dua senapan mesin, dan mampu mengatasi medan penuh parit pertahanan dengan roda rantainya.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-91238133577914832802013-01-04T05:02:00.003-08:002013-01-04T05:02:57.038-08:00Penyakit Pada TumbuhanPENYAKIT TUMBUHAN<br />
<br />
<b>1. Penyakit Rebah Kecambah</b><br />
Penyakit rebah kecambah adlah penyakit pembusukan pada leher akar tumbuhan yang baru tumbuh/ sedang berkecambah. penyakit ini disebabkan oleh serangan Cendawan <i>Phythium</i> <i>sp.</i> atau <i>Rhizoctonia Solani. </i><br />
<br />
<b>2. Penyakit Embun Tepung</b><br />
penyakit ini menyerang biji yang sedang tumbuh, sehingga biji menjadi keropos dan akhirnya mati. penyebabnya adalah cendawan Peronospora Parisitica.<br />
<br />
<b>3. Penyakit CVPD</b><br />
penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) adalah penyakit yang menyerang pembuluh tapis pada batang jeruk. ciri-ciri: kencup-kuncup daun menjadi kecil, akhirnya berwarna kuning sehingga buah berwarna kuning. penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri.<br />
<br />
<b>4. Penyakit Pada Tanaman Padi</b><br />
Penyakit ini menyerang ruas-ruas batang padi dan butir padi. penyakit ini disebabkan oleh cendawan <i>Pyricularia Oryzae</i>. akibatnya ruas-ruas batang mudah patah dan tanaman padi akhirnya mati.<br />
<br />
<b>5.Penyakit Mosaik Tembakau</b><br />
virus TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) menyebabkan daun tembakau bercak-bercak putih yang mengakibatkan mutu daun rendah.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-31616945627986343042012-12-22T04:29:00.000-08:002012-12-22T04:29:12.250-08:00Organisasi-Organisasi yang Menghasilkan Nasionalisme di Indonesia<b>Organisasi Etnik di Indonesia</b><br />
1. Jong Ambom, didirikan pada tahun 1918<br />
2. Jong Minahasa, didirikan pada tanggal 24 april 1919, kelanjutan dari organisasi rukun minahasa di semarang.<br />
3. Sarekat Pasundan, didirikan pada tahun 1914 bertujuan melindungi adat istiadat daerah pasundan<br />
4. Perserikatan Madura, didirikan tahun 1920 di surabaya dipimpin oleh Zaenal<br />
5. Perkumpulan Betawi, didirikan oleh moh. husni thamrin untuk memajukan perniagaan, pertukangan, dan pendidikan<br />
<br />
<b>Organisasi Kedaerahan</b><br />
1. Trikoro Dharmo yang berarti 'Tiga Tujuan Mulia', didirikan pada tanggal 7 Maret 1915 di Jakarta.<br />
2. Jong Java, didirikan pada tanggal 12 Juni 1918 bertujuan untuk membangun persatuan Jawa Raya.<br />
3. Jong Sumatranen Bond, didirikan pada tanggal 9 Desember 1917<br />
<br />
<b>Organisasi Keagamaan</b><br />
1. Jong Islamitien, didirikan pada 1 januari 1925<br />
2. Muda Kristen Jawi, didirikan pada tahun 1920<br />
3. Muhammadiyah, didirikan pada 18 nopember 1912 oleh KH. Ahmad Dahlan<br />
4. Nahdlatul Ulama, didirikan pada 31 Januari 1926<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-28138476066902943692012-12-22T04:07:00.001-08:002012-12-22T04:07:26.007-08:00Masalah-Masalah Yang Akan Timbul Karena Adanya Kepadatan Penduduk<b>Masalah-Masalah Yang Akan Timbul Karena Adanya Kepadatan Penduduk</b><br />
1. Banjir, Karena bantaran sungai dijadikan pemukiman dan selokan banyak yang mampet<br />
2. Tanah longsor, Karena adanya banyak penggundulan hutan untuk lahan pemukiman<br />
3. Penyakit, Karena banyak orang tinggal di pemukiman kumuh.<br />
4. Polusi udara, polusi suara, polusi tanah dan air.<br />
5. Transmigrasi macet di kota besarAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-44698545127547215692012-12-13T02:52:00.000-08:002012-12-13T02:52:10.076-08:00Panser Anoa 6x6 APC Tipe Komando<br />
<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}" style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.38;">Anoa 6x6 APC tipe Komando :<br />Panser buatan Indonesia paling canggih saat ini dinamakan Anoa. Panser ini mampu melaju hingga 90 kilometer per jam. Anoa tercepat di kelasnya. Hanya butuh delapan detik bagi Anoa untuk berakselerasi dari nol hingga 60 kilometer per jam. Bobot 12 ton tidak menghambat Anoa bergerak lincah di segala medan dan tidak merusak jalan raya (sebagai pembanding kendaraan truk kontainer berbobot 20 ton).Mesin Anoa dari perusahaan mobil Renault-Perancis.<br /><br />Tubuh panser tidak bisa dibentuk dari sembarang baja. Anoa menggunakan baja khusus setebal 10 milimeter, kebal dari sebagian besar peluru. Tak hanya itu, Anoa kedap air sehingga mampu menyeberangi sungai. Ia mampu menanjak di kemiringan sampai 31 derajat dan melintasi aneka rintangan. Anoa berbelok dengan menggerakkan sepasang roda depan dan sepasang roda tengah. Walau dengan ban terkoyak peluru sekalipun, Anoa masih bisa bergerak sejauh 80 kilometer.</span></h5>
<div class="mvm uiStreamAttachments fbMainStreamAttachment" data-ft="{"type":10,"tn":"H"}" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
<div class="clearfix photoRedesign" style="width: 398px; zoom: 1;">
<a ajaxify="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=375898649170836&set=a.272247859535916.62988.257684077658961&type=1&relevant_count=1&ref=nf&src=http%3A%2F%2Fsphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net%2Fhphotos-ak-snc7%2F316505_375898649170836_526001891_n.jpg&size=400%2C300&theater" class="uiPhotoThumb photoRedesignAspect" data-ft="{"type":41,"tn":"E"}" href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=375898649170836&set=a.272247859535916.62988.257684077658961&type=1&relevant_count=1&ref=nf" rel="theater" style="border: 0px; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; position: relative; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="(Posted by : Agus)
Anoa 6x6 APC tipe Komando :
Panser buatan Indonesia paling canggih saat ini dinamakan Anoa. Panser ini mampu melaju hingga 90 kilometer per jam. Anoa tercepat di kelasnya. Hanya butuh delapan detik bagi Anoa untuk berakselerasi dari nol hingga 60 kilometer per jam. Bobot 12 ton tidak menghambat Anoa bergerak lincah di segala medan dan tidak merusak jalan raya (sebagai pembanding kendaraan truk kontainer berbobot 20 ton).Mesin Anoa dari perusahaan mobil Renault-Perancis.
Tubuh panser tidak bisa dibentuk dari sembarang baja. Anoa menggunakan baja khusus setebal 10 milimeter, kebal dari sebagian besar peluru. Tak hanya itu, Anoa kedap air sehingga mampu menyeberangi sungai. Ia mampu menanjak di kemiringan sampai 31 derajat dan melintasi aneka rintangan. Anoa berbelok dengan menggerakkan sepasang roda depan dan sepasang roda tengah. Walau dengan ban terkoyak peluru sekalipun, Anoa masih bisa bergerak sejauh 80 kilometer." class="img" height="298" src="http://sphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc7/s480x480/316505_375898649170836_526001891_n.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; max-width: none;" width="398" /></a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-12213085010493898812012-12-13T02:51:00.000-08:002012-12-13T02:51:08.402-08:00Panser Anoa 6x6<br />
<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}" style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.38;">Panser Anoa 6x6 produksi Pindad .<br />Panser unggulan Pindad ini dirancang dan dibangun sepenuhnya oleh ahli-ahli Indonesia. Satu tim perakit Pindad menyelesaikan satu panser dalam 33 hari. Kini empat tim bekerja bersamaan. Panser Anoa bukan jago kandang. Pesanan telah datang dari banyak negara, mulai dari Malaysia dan Timor Leste hingga Nepal dan Afrika Selatan. Harganya Rp 9 miliar per unit. Ini komoditas ekspor yang sangat menjanjikan dari Indonesia. PT Pindad (Persero) kesulitan melayani tingginya permintaan senjata dari berbagai Negara akibat terbatasnya kemampuan produksi. Jenis senjata yang ramai pesanan tersebut adalah Panser jenis Anoa 6×6 bahkan harus inden karena jumlah pesanannya mencapai ratusan unit.<br />Panser produksi Pindad memiliki kemampuan daya angkut sebanyak 12 orang, 8 unit panser spesifikasi teknisnya sudah teruji di kondisi negara gurun seperti Lebanon oleh pasukan perdamaian PBB sejak awal 2009. Panser ini mulai menjelajah ke pasar ekspor di tahun 2009 karena sudah memenuhi standar Nato di level III. Artinya tingkat ketahanan dari serangan lebih baik dari level II yang di produksi di China dan India. Hanya peluru tertentu yang bisa menembusnya dan itupun dari jarak dekat.</span></h5>
<div class="mvm uiStreamAttachments fbMainStreamAttachment" data-ft="{"type":10,"tn":"H"}" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
<div class="clearfix photoRedesign" style="width: 398px; zoom: 1;">
<a ajaxify="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=375898195837548&set=a.272247859535916.62988.257684077658961&type=1&relevant_count=1&ref=nf&src=http%3A%2F%2Fsphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net%2Fhphotos-ak-prn1%2F64622_375898195837548_2128148928_n.jpg&size=400%2C300&theater" class="uiPhotoThumb photoRedesignAspect" data-ft="{"type":41,"tn":"E"}" href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=375898195837548&set=a.272247859535916.62988.257684077658961&type=1&relevant_count=1&ref=nf" rel="theater" style="border: 0px; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; position: relative;"><img alt="(Posted by : Agus)
Panser Anoa 6x6 produksi Pindad .
Panser unggulan Pindad ini dirancang dan dibangun sepenuhnya oleh ahli-ahli Indonesia. Satu tim perakit Pindad menyelesaikan satu panser dalam 33 hari. Kini empat tim bekerja bersamaan. Panser Anoa bukan jago kandang. Pesanan telah datang dari banyak negara, mulai dari Malaysia dan Timor Leste hingga Nepal dan Afrika Selatan. Harganya Rp 9 miliar per unit. Ini komoditas ekspor yang sangat menjanjikan dari Indonesia. PT Pindad (Persero) kesulitan melayani tingginya permintaan senjata dari berbagai Negara akibat terbatasnya kemampuan produksi. Jenis senjata yang ramai pesanan tersebut adalah Panser jenis Anoa 6×6 bahkan harus inden karena jumlah pesanannya mencapai ratusan unit.
Panser produksi Pindad memiliki kemampuan daya angkut sebanyak 12 orang, 8 unit panser spesifikasi teknisnya sudah teruji di kondisi negara gurun seperti Lebanon oleh pasukan perdamaian PBB sejak awal 2009. Panser ini mulai menjelajah ke pasar ekspor di tahun 2009 karena sudah memenuhi standar Nato di level III. Artinya tingkat ketahanan dari serangan lebih baik dari level II yang di produksi di China dan India. Hanya peluru tertentu yang bisa menembusnya dan itupun dari jarak dekat." class="img" height="298" src="http://sphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/s480x480/64622_375898195837548_2128148928_n.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; max-width: none;" width="398" /></a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-38155520687726852602012-12-12T16:34:00.000-08:002012-12-12T16:34:22.287-08:00Lirik lagu Hey Jude (The Beatles)<span class="lirik_line hover" id="line_1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #e6eff8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #3a598f; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Hey jude, dont make it bad.</span><span class="lirik_line hover" id="line_2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #e6eff8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #3a598f; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Take a sad song and make it better.</span><span class="lirik_line hover" id="line_3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #e6eff8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #3a598f; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Remember to let her into your heart,</span><span class="lirik_line hover" id="line_4" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #e6eff8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #3a598f; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Then you can start to make it better.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_5" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Hey jude, dont be afraid.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_6" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">You were made to go out and get her.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_7" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">The minute you let her under your skin,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_8" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Then you begin to make it better.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_9" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">And anytime you feel the pain, hey jude, refrain,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_10" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Dont carry the world upon your shoulders.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_11" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">For well you know that its a fool who plays it cool</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_12" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">By making his world a little colder.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_13" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Hey jude, dont let me down.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_14" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">You have found her, now go and get her.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_15" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Remember to let her into your heart,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_16" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Then you can start to make it better.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_17" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">So let it out and let it in, hey jude, begin,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_18" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Youre waiting for someone to perform with.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_19" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">And dont you know that its just you, hey jude, youll do,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_20" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">The movement you need is on your shoulder.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_21" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Hey jude, dont make it bad.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_22" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Take a sad song and make it better.</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_23" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Remember to let her under your skin,</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_24" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Then youll begin to make it</span><span class="lirik_line" id="line_25" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Better better better better better better, oh.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" /><span class="lirik_line" id="line_26" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 5px;">Na na na na na, na na na, hey jude...</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9192036023928513331.post-39596996197828665532012-12-12T16:22:00.001-08:002012-12-12T16:22:17.433-08:00Lirik Lagu Yesterday (The Beatles)<br />
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Yesterday, all my troubles seemed so far away.<br />Now it looks as though they’re here to stay.<br />Oh, I believe in yesterday.Suddenly, I’m not half the man i used to be,<br />There’s a shadow hanging over me,<br />Oh, yesterday came suddenly.</div>
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Why she had to go<br />I don’t know she wouldn’t say.<br />I said something wrong,<br />Now I long for yesterday.</div>
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Yesterday, love was such an easy game to play.</div>
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Now I need a place to hide away.<br />Oh, I believe in yesterday.</div>
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<div align="center" style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em;">
Why she had to go<br />I don’t know she wouldn’t say.<br />I said something wrong,<br />Now I long for yesterday.</div>
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Yesterday, love was such an easy game to play.<br />Now I need a place to hide away.<br />Oh, I believe in yesterday.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17450732753544098565noreply@blogger.com0